Insights of Breast Cancer and Barriers to its Therapy

Published: November 5, 2019

Authors

  • Nidhi Garg
  • Suman Baishnab
  • Rosy Das
  • Kiranjeet Kaur
  • Saurabh Gupta
  • Sandeep Arora
DOI Number
https://doi.org/
Keywords
Breast Cancer, Carcinoma, Tumour, Barriers

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common cancer across the globe occurring commonly in women population, and it is one of the main causes of mortality in women. In 2018, 1,62,468 new cases and 87,090 death cases of breast cancer were registered in India. In these recent years, lots of studies were conducted in breast cancer related to treatment and management, but in spite of getting so much advancement in the treatment of breast cancer still, the mortality rate of women is increasing day by day. Numerous factors are acting as barriers or challenges in breast cancer preventive therapy. It includes lack of knowledge regarding the treatment of cancer and patient getting insecure about treatment, fear of having side effects, cost of treatment and the efficacy of the drugs being prescribed. The study intended to determine the perceived insights and barriers to treatment of breast cancer.

References

  • Adhikary, A., Chakraborty, D., Indu, R., Bhattacharya, S., Ray, M., Mukherjee, R. (2018). Drug prescription pattern of breast cancer patients in a tertiary care hospital in West Bengal: A Cross-Sectional and Questionnaire-Based Study. Asian journal of pharmaceutical and clinical research, 11(3), 398-401. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.23180
  • Adhikary, et al. (2018). Drug prescription pattern of breast cancer patients in a tertiary care hospital in West Bengal: A Cross-Sectional and Questionnaire-Based Study. Asian journal of pharmaceutical and clinical research, 11(3), 398-401.
  • Alco, G., Igdem, S. & Dincer, M. (2014). Vitamin D levels in patients with breast cancer: importance of dressing style. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 1357-62. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.3.1357
  • Anuradha, D. & Lakshmi A. (2017). Mucinous carcinoma of breast with neuroendocrine differentiation: a rare case report with review of literature. Int J Res Med Sci, 2, 1751-4. https://doi.org/10.5455/2320-6012.ijrms201411102
  • Arpino, G., Bardou, V. J., Clark, G. M. & Elledge, R. M. (2004). Infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast: tumor characteristics and clinical outcome. Breast Cancer Res, 6, 149-52. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr767
  • Bednarek, A., Sahin, A., Brenner, A., Johnston, D. & Aldaz, C. (1997). Analysis of telomerase activity levels in breast cancer: positive detection at the in situ breast carcinoma stage. Clin Cancer Res, 3(1), 11-6.
  • Bray, F., Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Dikshit, R., Eser, S., Mathers, C., Rebelo, M., Parkin, D. M., Forman, D. (2014). Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int. J. Cancer, 136, E359-E386. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29210
  • Cariati, M., Bennett-Britton, T. M., Pinder, S. E., Purushotham, A. D. (2005). Inflammatory breast cancer. Surg Oncol, 14, 133-43.
  • Cavalieri, E., Chakravarti, D., Guttenplan, J., Hart, E., Ingle, J., Jankowiak, R., et al. (2006). Catechol oestrogen quinones as initiators of breast and other human cancers: implications for biomarkers of susceptibility and cancer prevention. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1766, 63-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.03.001
  • Chopra, D., Rehan, H. S., Sharma, V., Mishra, R. (2016). Chemotherapy-induced adverse drug reactions in oncology patients: A prospective observational survey. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol, 37, 42-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5851.1770175
  • Clauser, P., Marino, M. A., Baltzer, P. A., Bazzocchi, M., Zuiani, C. (2016). Management of atypical lobular hyperplasia, a typical ductal hyperplasia, and lobular carcinoma in situ. Exp Rev Anticancer ther, 16, 335-6.
  • Corbelli, J., Borrero, S., Bonnema, R., et al. (2014). Use of the Gail model and breast cancer preventive therapy among three primary care specialties. J Women’s Health, 23, 746-52. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2014.4742
  • Elmore, S. (2007). Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol, 35, 495-516. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230701320337
  • Errichetti, E., Avellini, C., Pegolo, E., De Francesco, V. (2017). Dermoscopy as a supportive instrument in the early recognition of erosive adenomatosis of the nipple and mammary paget’s disease. Ann Dermatol, 29, 365-7. https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2017.29.3.365
  • Evan, G. and Vousden, K. (2001). Proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in cancer. Nature, 411, 342-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/35077213
  • Feuer, E. J., Wun, L. M., Boring, C. C., Flanders, W. D., Timmel, M. J., Tong, T. (1993). The Lifetime Risk of Developing Breast Cancer. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 85(11), 892-897. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/85.11.892
  • Franca, A., Ferreira, M., Franca, J., Franca, E., Honorio- Franca, A. (2012). Breastfeeding and its relationship with reduction of breast cancer: a review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 5327-32. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.11.5327
  • Garrone, O., Miraglio, E. Vandone, A.M., Vanella, P., Lingua, D., Merlano, M. C. (2017). Eribulin in advanced breast cancer: safety, efficacy and new perspectives. Future Oncol, 13(30), 2759-2769. https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2017-0283
  • Gerratana, L., Bonotto, M., Bozza, C., Ongaro, E., Fanotto, V., Pelizzari, G., Puglisi, F. (2017). Pertuzumab and breast cancer: another piece in the anti-HER2 puzzle. https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2017.1282944
  • Gupta, G. & Massagué, J. (2006). Cancer metastasis: building a framework. Cell, 127, 679-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.11.001
  • Gusterson, B., Warburton, M. J., Mitchell, D., Ellison, M., Neville, A.M. & Rudland, P.S. (1982). Distribution of myoepithelial cells and basement membrane proteins in the normal breast and in benign and malignant breast diseases. Cancer Res, 42, 4763-70.
  • Hanahan, D. and Weinberg, R. (2000). The hallmarks of cancer. Cell, 100, 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9
  • Harris, L. N., Ismaila, N., McShane, L. M., Andre, F., Collyar, D. E., Gonzalez-Angulo, A. M., et al. (2016). Use of biomarkers to guide decisions on adjuvant systemic therapy for women with early-stage invasive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 34, 1134-50. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.65.2289
  • Harris, R. E., Chlebowski, R. T., Jackson, R. D., et al. (2003). Prospective Results from the Women’s Health Initiative Breast Cancer and Nonsteroidal Anti- Inflammatory Drugs. Cancer Res, 63, 6096-6101.
  • Heim, E., Valach, L. & Schaffner, L. (1997). Coping and psychosocial adaptation: longitudinal effects over time and stages in breast cancer. Psychosom Med, 59, 408- 18. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199707000-00011
  • Hershman, D. L., Kushi, L. H., Shao, T., Buono, D., Kershenbaum, A., Tsai, W.Y., Fehrenbacher, L., Gomez, S. L., Miles, S., and Neugut, A.I. (2010). Early discontinuation and Nonadherence to Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy. J Clin Oncol, 28(27), 4120-4128. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.25.9655
  • Holmberg, C., Waters, E. A,, Whitehouse, K. et al. (2015). My lived experiences are more important than your probabilities: the role of individualized risk estimates for decision making about participation in the study of tamoxifen and raloxifene (STAR). Med Decis Mak, 35, 1010-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X15594382
  • Hum, S., Wu, M., Pruthi, S., Heisey, R. (2016). Physician and Patient Barriers to Breast Cancer Preventive Therapy. Curr Breast Cancer Rep., 8, 158-164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12609-016-0216-5
  • India today: https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/ over-17-lakh-new-cancer-cases-in-india-by-2020- icmr-610839-2016-05-18.
  • Inoue, M., Nakagomi, H., Nakada, H., Furuya, K., Ikegame, K. & Watanabe, H. (2017). Specific sites of metastases in invasive lobular carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study of metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer, 20, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-017-0753-4
  • Jacobs, T., Byrne, C., Colditz, G., Connolly, J., Schnitt, S. (1999). Radial scars in benign breast-biopsy specimens and the risk of breast cancer. New Engl J Med., 340, 430- 6. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199902113400604
  • Jacquillat, C., Weil, M., Baillet, F., Borel, C., Auclerc, G. & Maublanc, M. (1990). Results of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy in the breast- conserving treatment of 250 patients with all stages of infiltrative breast cancer. Cancer, 66, 119-29.
  • Jain, R. (2005). Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy. Science, 307, 58-62. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104819
  • Jarde, T., Perrier, S., Vasson, M., Caldefie-Chezet, F. (2011). Molecular mechanisms of leptin and adiponectin in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer, 47, 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2010.09.005
  • Joglekar-Javadekar, M., Van, L. S., Bourne, M., Moalwi, M., Finetti, P., Vermeulen, P. B., et al. (2017). Characterization and targeting of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) in inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). Neoplasia. 2017; 19, 564-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neo.2017.03.002
  • Kanwal, R., Gupta, S. (2012). Epigenetic modifications in cancer. Clin. Genet., 81(4), 303-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01809.x
  • Karen, E. L., Paul, D. A., Steffie, J. W., David, U. H., Sidney, M. W., David, H. B. (2002). Timings of New Black Box warnings and withdrawals for Prescription medications. JAMA, 287, 2215-2220. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.17.2215
  • Kelly, C. M., Juurlink, D. N., Gomes, T., Duong-Hua, M., Pritchard, K. I., Austin, P. C., Paszat, L. F. (2010). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breast cancer mortality in women receiving tamoxifen: a population-based cohort study. BMJ, 340, c693. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c693
  • Kelsey, J. & Bernstein, L. (1996). Epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Ann Rev Public Health, 17, 47-67.
  • Kristeen Cherney. (2018). 12 effects of breast cancer on the body. MPH.
  • Kulkarni, V., Bora, S. S., Sirisha, S., Saji, M., Sundaran, S. (2013). A study on drug-drug interactions through prescription analysis in a South Indian teaching hospital. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, 4(4), 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098613490009
  • Lai, J. N., Wu, C. T., Wang, J. D. (2012). Prescription pattern of Chinese herbal products for breast cancer in Taiwan: a population-based study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 891893. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/891893
  • Liedtke, C., Mazouni, C., Hess, K. R., André, F., Tordai, A., Mejia, J. A., et al. (2008). Response to neoadjuvant therapy and long-term survival in patients with triple- negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 26, 1275-81. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.14.4147
  • Loibl, S., Denkert, C., Von Minckwitz, G. (2015). Neoadjuvant treatment of breast cancer – Clinical and research perspective. The Breast, 24(S2), S73–S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2015.07.018
  • Longo, D. L. (2012). Cancer cell biology and angiogenesis. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 693.
  • López-Tarruella, S., Jerez, Y., Márquez-Rodas, I., Echavarria, I., Martin, M. (2017). Ribociclib for treatment of advanced HER2-negative breast cancer. Future oncol. https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2017-0183
  • Malvia, S., Bagadi, S. A., Dubey, U. S. & Saxena, S. (2017). Epidemiology of breast cancer in Indian women. Asia- Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology, 10, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajco.12661
  • Manichavasagam, M., et al. (2017). Prescribing Pattern of Anticancer Drugs in a Medical Oncology Department of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital. Ann Med Health Sci Res, 7, 1-3.
  • Martín- Martín, M. (2015). A review on nab-Paclitaxel dose and schedule in breast cancer. Cancer Research, 17(81). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-015-0587-y
  • Mateo, A., Pezzi, T., Sundermeyer, M., Kelley, C., Klimberg, V., Pezzi, C. (2017). Chemotherapy significantly improves survival for patients with T1c-T2N0M0 medullary Breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol, 24, 1050-6.
  • McPherson, K., Steel, C., Dixon, J. (2003). Breast cancer- epidemiology, risk factors, and genetics. Brit Med J, 321, 624-8. 
  • Merrill, A., White, A., Howard-McNatt, M. (2017). Paget’s disease of the breast: an institutional review and surgical management. Am Surg, 83, 96-8.
  • Moran, M., Schnitt, S., Giuliano, A., Harris, J., Khan, S. & Horton, J. (2014). Society of surgical oncology- American society for radiation oncology consensus guideline on margins for breast-conserving surgery with whole-breast irradiation in stages I and II invasive breast cancer. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys, 88, 553-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.11.012
  • Murthy, N. S., Rajaram, D., Gautham, M. S., Shivaraj, N. S., Nandakumar, B. S., Pruthvish, S. (2011). Risk of cancer development in India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 12, 387-9.
  • Nakatsukasa,        K.            et             al.            (2016).   Docetaxel              and cyclophosphamide as neoadjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-negative primary breast cancer. The Japanese Breast Cancer Society. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-016-0666-7
  • Nakhlis, F. & Morrow, M. (2003). Ductal carcinoma in situ. Surg Clin, 83, 821-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6109(03)00072-0
  • National Cancer Institute. (2012). Fact sheet: targeted cancer therapies, 2012. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/ cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/targeted#q1
  • Neuman, H. B., Morrogh, M., Gonen, M., Van Zee, K. J., Morrow, M., & King, T. A. (2010). Stage IV breast cancer in the era of targeted therapy: does surgery of the primary tumor matter. Cancer, 116(5), 1226-1233. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24873
  • Nkondjock, A. & Ghadirian, P. (2004). Epidemiology of breast cancer among BRCA mutation carriers: an overview. Cancer Lett, 205, 1-8.
  • Nozad, S., Sheehan, C., Gay, L., Elvin, J., Vergilio, J., Suh, J., et al. (2017). Comprehensive genomic profiling of malignant phyllodes tumors of the breast. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 162, 597-602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-017-4156-1
  • Page, K., Guttery, D., Fernandez-Garcia, D., Hills, A., Hastings, R., Luo, J., et al. (2017). Next-generation sequencing of circulating cell-free DNA for evaluating mutations and gene amplification in metastatic breast cancer. Clin Chem, 63, 532-41. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2016.261834
  • Palanisamy, R. P. (2017). Palbociclib: A new hope in the treatment of breast cancer. J Can Res Ther, 2, 1220-3. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.168988
  • Park, K. (2015). Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. Jabalpur: Banarasidas Bhanot, 389.
  • Patel, N. et al. (2016). A study of medication errors in a tertiary care hospital. Indian Society for Clinical Research, 7(4), 168-173.
  • Peng, J., Sengupta, S., & Jordan, V. C. (2009). Potential of selective estrogen receptor modulators as treatments and preventives of breast cancer. Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry, 9(5), 481-499.
  • Pentareddy, M. R., Suresh, A. V. S., Shailendra, D., Subbaratnam, Y., Prasuna, G., Naresh, D. T. V., Rajshekar, K. (2015). Prescription Pattern of Anticancer Drugs in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Journal of Evidence-based Medicine and Healthcare, 2(20), 3001- 9. https://doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2015/435
  • Posner, M. C. & Wolmark, N. (1992). Non-invasive breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 21(3), 155-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01974998
  • Prabhakaran, S., Rizk, V., Ma, Z., Cheng, C., Berglund, A., Coppola, D., et al. (2017). Evaluation of invasive breast cancer samples using a 12-chemokine gene expression score: correlation with clinical outcomes. Breast Cancer Res, 19, 71-4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-017-0864-z
  • Priya, V. & Prasaad, P. (2017). Tubulo-lobular carcinoma: a rare mixed invasive carcinoma of breast. Int J Res Med Sci, 5, 2818-20.
  • Reeder, J., Vogel, V. (2008). Breast cancer prevention. Cancer Treat Res, 141, 149-164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73161-2_10
  • Reiter, F. J., Rosales-Corral, S. A., Tan, D. X., Acuna- Castroviejo, D., Qin, L., Yang, S. F., Melatonin, K. X. (2017). A Full-Service Anti-Cancer Agent:Inhibition of Initiation, Progression and Metastasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci, 18, 843; doi:10.3390/ijms18040843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040843 
  • Scharl, A., Salterberg, A., Untch, M., Liedtke, C., Stickeler, E., Papathemelis, T. (2016). Treatment modification in young breast cancer patient. Oncol Res Treat, 39, 122-128. https://doi.org/10.1159/000444355
  • Segal, R., Evans, W., Johnson, D., Smith, J., Colletta, S. & Gayton, J. (2001). Structured exercise improves physical functioning in women with stages I and II breast cancer: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol, 19, 657-65. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2001.19.3.657
  • Sera, T., Kashiwagi, S., Takashima, T., Asano, Y., Goto, W., Iimori, N., et al. (2017). Multiple metastatic malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast with tonsillar metastasis: a case report. BMC Res Notes, 10, 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2375-5
  • Seyfried, T. N. & Huysentruyt, L. C. (2013). On the origin of cancer metastasis. Crit Rev Oncog, 18, 43-73. https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevOncog.v18.i1-2.40
  • Shalini, S., Ravichandran, V., Mohanty, B. K., Dhanaraj, S. K., Sraswathi, R. (2010). Drug utilization studies – An overview. Int J Pharm Sci Nanotech, 3, 803-810.
  • Sjoqvist, F., Birkettm D. (2003). Drug utilization. WHO Booklet. Sweden, Australia: WHO.
  • Somiari, R., Sullivan, A., Russell, S., Somiari, S., Hu, H., Jordan, R., George, A., Katenhusen, R., Buchowiecka, A., Arciero, C., Brzeski, H. (2003). High-throughput proteomic analysis of human infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. Proteomics, 3(10), 1863-73. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200300560
  • Stevanovic, A., Lee, P. & Wilcken, N. (2006). Metastatic breast cancer. Aust Fam Phys, 35, 309-11.
  • Stingl, J., Raouf, A., Eirew, P. & Eaves, C. J. (2006). Deciphering the mammary epithelial cell hierarchy. Cell Cycle, 5, 1519-22.
  • Stingl, J., Raouf, A., Emerman, J. T. & Eaves, C. J. (2005). Epithelial progenitors in the normal human mammary gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia, 10, 49-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-005-2540-7
  • Tan, D., Marchió, C., Jones, R., Savage, K., Smith, I., Dowsett, M. (2008). Triple-negative breast cancer: molecular profiling and prognostic impact in adjuvant anthracycline-treated patients. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 111, 27-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-007-9756-8
  • West, A., Wullkopf, L., Christensen, A., Leijnse, N., Tarp, J. M., Mathiesen, J., et al. (2017). Division induced dynamics in non-Invasive and invasive breast cancer. Biophys J, 112, 123-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.68
  • Zhao, M., Ding, X. F., Shen, J. Y., Zhang, X. P., Ding, X. W., Bin, X. U. (2017). Use of liposomal doxorubicin for adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer in clinical practice Journal of Zhejiang University. SCIENCE B (Biomedicine & Biotechnology). https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1600303
  • Ziperstein, M. J., Guzman, A. & Kaufman, L. J. (2016). Evaluating breast cancer cell morphology as a predictor of invasive capacity. Biophys J, 110, 621-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.3333

How to Cite

Nidhi Garg, Suman Baishnab, Rosy Das, Kiranjeet Kaur, Saurabh Gupta and Sandeep Arora. Insights of Breast Cancer and Barriers to its Therapy. J. Pharm. Technol. Res. Manag.. 2019, 07, 73-86
Insights of Breast Cancer and Barriers to its Therapy

Current Issue

PeriodicityBiannually
Issue-1May
Issue-2November
ISSN Print2321-2217
ISSN Online2321-2225
RNI No.CHAENG/2013/50088
OA Policy

Publisher's policy of the journal at Sherpa UK for the submitted, accepted, and published articles. Click OAPolicy

Plan-S Compliance

To check compliance, one has to use the Journal Check Tool (JCT). This tool provided by cOAlition S (European funders) for the researchers (fundee) to check the compliance with the journal.

Recommend journal to your library

You can recommend the journal being a researcher or faculty member to your library. We will post a copy of the Journal to your library on your behalf at free of cost.
Click here: Recommend Journal

Preprint Arxiv Submission

The authors are encouraged to submit the author’s copy (preprint) to appropriate preprint archives e.g. https://arxiv.org and/or on https://indiarxiv.org or institutional repositories (e.g., D Space) before paper acceptance by the editor of Journal. After publications of the paper author(s) should mention the citation information, title and abstract along with DOI number of the publication carefully on the required page of the depository(ies).

Contact: Phone: +91-172-2741000, +91-172-4691800

Email : editor.jptrm@chitkara.edu.in;

Abstract and Indexing

Information

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management (J. Pharm. Tech. Res. Management) by Chitkara University Publications are Open Access articles that are published with licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- CC-BY 4.0 International License. Based on a work at https://jptrm.chitkara.edu.in/. This license permits one to use, remix, tweak and reproduction in any medium, even commercially provided one give credit for the original creation.

View Legal Code of the above-mentioned license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

View Licence Deed here https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Creative Commons License

Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management by Chitkara University Publications is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at https://jptrm.chitkara.edu.in//

Members