Assessment for Sporicidal Activity of Two Types of Peroxygen/Silver-Based Disinfectants: A Comparative Study

Published: November 2, 2016

Authors

  • Mostafa Essam EissaQuality Compliance Section Head, Quality Unit, HIKMA Pharma, Egypt 2nd Industrial Zone, Giza, Egypt
Keywords
Colloidal Silver, Peroxygen, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, logarithmic reduction

Abstract

Numerous cases have been reported globally showing outbreaks, dissemination of infections and/or spoilage of medicinal products, food and other consumables that affects human life and may lead to death in some cases. One of the most critical measures of microbial contamination that should be taken into consideration is the use of proper disinfectant depending on the type of activities and the work load of the healthcare institution, subjects or media for microbial transfer and the affected population. The current study shows significant difference in sporicidal activity between two types of commercial peroxygen/Silver based disinfectants obtained from same manufacturer and delivered through same distributor at the same time. The peroxygen component in one of the disinfectant products is Hydrogen peroxide while in the other product is Peroxyacetic acid/Hydrogen Peroxide mixture. Preliminary rapid assessment of the disinfectants activity was required using the most resistance microbial form (bacterial spore) as a reference microorganism to challenge the biocidal products. Bacillus pumilus and B. subtilis spores were exposed to both disinfectants at three different concentrations levels covering the range recommended by the manufacturer: 1, 3 and 5% (v/v). The first formula did not exceed 0.5 logarithmic reduction(LR) even after 30 minutes. While the other product achieved more than two folds LR (more than 100 times reduction in microbial population) after ten minutes contact time. Appropriate initial screening of biocidal activity in commercial disinfectants market is critical step that should be performed by the healthcare facilities before practical application. Otherwise, inefficient control on bioburden may lead to devastating consequences on human health. An initial, non-laborious, time-saving and non-expensive screening test using the most resistance microorganisms is encouraged to be performed by healthcare facilities prior to practical application of disinfectant rather than reliance solely on random selection of biocidal agents using informational data without confirmatory experiments.

References

  • Ashour, M. S., Mansy, M. S., & Eissa, M. E. (2011). Microbiological environmental monitoring in pharmaceutical facility. Egypt Acad J Biolog Sci, 3(1): 63–74.
  • Baird, R. and Shooter, R. A. (1976). Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections associated with use of contaminated medicaments. Br. Med. J., ii: 349–350.
  • BD Difco™ (2016). TTC Solution 1%. Technical Center Inserts. Retrieved 21 October 2016, from https://www.bd.com/ds/technicalCenter/inserts/S1263JAA(02).pdf
  • Clontz, L. (2008). Microbial Limit and Bioburden Tests: Validation approaches and global requirements. CRC press.
  • Cotruvo, J., Craun, G. F., & Hearne, N. (Eds.). (1999). Providing safe drinking water in small systems: Technology, operations, and economics. CRC Press.
  • Cragg, J. and Andrews A. V. (1969). Bacterial contamination of a disinfectant. Br. Med. J., iii: 57.
  • Denyer, S. P., & Baird, R. M. (Eds.). (2007). Guide to microbiological control in pharmaceuticals and medical devices. CRC Press.
  • Dixon, R. E., Kaslow, R. A., Mackel, D. C., Fulkerson, C. C. and Mallison. G. F. (1976). Aqueous quaternary ammonium antiseptics and disinfectants. JAMA, 236: 2415–2417. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1976.03270220035031
  • Ebner, W., Meyer, E., Schulz-Huotari, C., Scholz, R., Zilow, G. and Daschner, F. D. (2005). Pseudo contamination of blood components with Burkholderia cepacia during quality controls. Transfusion Med., 15: 241–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2005.00577.x
  • Ehrenkranz, N. J., Bolyard, E. A., Wiener, M. and Cleary, T. J. (1980). Antibiotic-sensitive Serratia marcescens infections complicating cardiopulmonary operations: contaminated disinfectant as a reservoir. Lancet, ii: 1289–1292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92349-1
  • Eissa, M. (2014). Studies Of Microbial Resistance Against Some Disinfectants: Microbial Distribution & Biocidal Resistance in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Facility. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bfopcu.2014.06.003
  • Eissa, M. E., &Nouby, A. S. (2014). Validation of spore-forming organisms recovery from peroxygen-based disinfectants. J Pharm Res Clin Practice, 4: 23–32.
  • Eissa, M. E., El Naby, M. A., &Beshir, M. M. (2014). Bacterial vs. fungal spore resistance to peroxygen biocide on inanimate surfaces. Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 52(2): 219–224.
  • Elliott, B. and Masters P. (1977). Pseudomonas contamination of antiseptic/disinfectant solutions. Med. J. Aust., 1: 155–156.
  • Estridge, B. H., Reynolds, A. P., & Walters, N. J. (2000). Basic medical laboratory techniques. Cengage Learning.
  • Fraise, A. P., Lambert, P. A., & Maillard, J. Y. (Eds.). (2004). Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe’s Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation & Sterilization (pp. 184–90). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Kressel, A. B. and Kidd. F. (2001). Pseudo-outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae and Methylobacterium mesophilicum caused by contamination of an automated endoscope washer. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol., 22: 414–418. https://doi.org/10.1086/501926
  • LabSafety (2009). Disinfectants Final. IBC. Retrieved 21 October 2016, from https://wwwp.oakland.edu/Assets/upload/docs/LabSafety/disinfectantsFinaLAug2009.pdf
  • Laskowski, L. F., Marr, J. J., Spernoga, J. F., Frank, N. J., Barner, H. B., Kaiser,G. and Tyras, D. H. (1977). Fastidious mycobacteria grown from porcine prosthetic-heart-valve
  • cultures. N. Engl. J. Med., 297: 101–102. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197707142970209
  • Lehours, P., Rogues, A. M., Occhialini, A., Boulestreau, H., Gachie, J. P. and Megraud, F. (2002). Investigation of an outbreak of Alcaligenes xylosoxydans subspecies xylosoxydans by random polymorphic DNA analysis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 21: 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-001-0669-x
  • Newman, K. A., Tenney, J. H., Oken, H. A., Moody, M. R., Wharton, R. and Schimpff, S. C. (1984). Persistent isolation of an unusual Pseudomonas species from a phenolic disinfectant system. Infect. Control, 5: 219–222. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0195941700060148
  • Olson, R. K., Voorhees, R. E., Eitzen, H. E., Rolka, H. and Sewell, C. M. (1999). Cluster of post injection abscesses related to corticosteroid injections and use of benzalkonium chloride. West. J. Med., 170: 143–147.
  • Reiss, I., Borkhardt, A.,Fussle, R.,Sziegoleit, A. and Gortner, L. (2000). Disinfectant contaminated with Klebsiella oxytoca as a source of sepsis in babies. Lancet, 356: 310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02509-5
  • Russell, A. D. (1982). The destruction of the bacterial spore. Academic Press, London. https://doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(83)90081-6
  • Sagripanti, J. L. and Bonifacino, A. (1996). Comparative sporicidal effects of liquid chemical agents. Applied and environmental microbiology, 62(2): 545–551.
  • Sandle, T. (2014). Sanitation of pharmaceutical facilities. J GXP Compliance, 18(3): 6–10.
  • Shickman, M. D., Guze, L. B. and Pearce, M. L. (1959). Bacteremia following cardiac catheterization: report of a case and studies on the source. N. Engl. J. Med., 260: 1164–1166. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM195906042602304
  • Simmons, N. A. and Gardner, D. A. (1969). Bacterial contamination of a phenolic disinfectant. Br. Med. J., 2: 668–669. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5658.668
  • Tamime, A. Y. (Ed.). (2009). Cleaning-in-place: dairy, food and beverage operations (Vol. 13). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Tyras, D. H., Kaiser, G. C., Barner, H. B., Laskowski,L. F. and. Marr, J. J. (1978). Atypical mycobacteria and the xenograft valve. J. Thoracic Cardiovasc. Surg., 75: 331–337.
  • USP31-NF26 (2008). Chapters <51> Antimicrobial Effectiveness Testing.
  • USP31-NF26(2008). Chapter <1072> Disinfectants and Antiseptics. United States Pharmacopoeia, Baltimore, MD.
  • USP38-NF33 (2015). Harmonized Chapter USP <61> Microbiological Examination of Non-Sterile Products: Microbial Enumeration Tests. United States Pharmacopoeia, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  • Vanholder, R., Vanhaecke, E. and Ringoir, S. (1992). Pseudomonas septicemica due to deficient disinfectant mixing during reuse. Int. J. Artificial Organs, 15: 19–24.
  • Weber, D. J., Rutala, W.A. andSickbert-Bennett, E.E. (2007). Outbreaks associated with contaminated antiseptics and disinfectants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 51(12): 4217–24. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00138-07
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2004). Laboratory biosafety manual. World Health Organization.

How to Cite

Mostafa Essam Eissa. Assessment for Sporicidal Activity of Two Types of Peroxygen/Silver-Based Disinfectants: A Comparative Study. J. Pharm. Technol. Res. Manag.. 2016, 04, 161-169
Assessment for Sporicidal Activity of Two Types of Peroxygen/Silver-Based Disinfectants: A Comparative Study

Current Issue

PeriodicityBiannually
Issue-1May
Issue-2November
ISSN Print2321-2217
ISSN Online2321-2225
RNI No.CHAENG/2013/50088
OA Policy

Publisher's policy of the journal at Sherpa UK for the submitted, accepted, and published articles. Click OAPolicy

Plan-S Compliance

To check compliance, one has to use the Journal Check Tool (JCT). This tool provided by cOAlition S (European funders) for the researchers (fundee) to check the compliance with the journal.

Recommend journal to your library

You can recommend the journal being a researcher or faculty member to your library. We will post a copy of the Journal to your library on your behalf at free of cost.
Click here: Recommend Journal

Preprint Arxiv Submission

The authors are encouraged to submit the author’s copy (preprint) to appropriate preprint archives e.g. https://arxiv.org and/or on https://indiarxiv.org or institutional repositories (e.g., D Space) before paper acceptance by the editor of Journal. After publications of the paper author(s) should mention the citation information, title and abstract along with DOI number of the publication carefully on the required page of the depository(ies).

Contact: Phone: +91-172-2741000, +91-172-4691800

Email : editor.jptrm@chitkara.edu.in;

Abstract and Indexing

Information

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management (J. Pharm. Tech. Res. Management) by Chitkara University Publications are Open Access articles that are published with licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- CC-BY 4.0 International License. Based on a work at https://jptrm.chitkara.edu.in/. This license permits one to use, remix, tweak and reproduction in any medium, even commercially provided one give credit for the original creation.

View Legal Code of the above-mentioned license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

View Licence Deed here https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Creative Commons License

Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management by Chitkara University Publications is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at https://jptrm.chitkara.edu.in//

Members