Tapping the Potential of Probiotics: An Insight on Probiotic Delivery Systems, Their Quantification, and Assessment

Home > 2023, Vol. 11 No. 02 > Tapping the Potential of Probiotics: An Insight on Probiotic Delivery Systems, Their Quantification, and Assessment

Published: November 10, 2023

Download PDF

Download XML | Download HTML

Authors

Minkal Tuteja, Anupama Choudhary, Prince Rohilla, and Gaurav Rohilla

DOI Number
https://doi.org/10.15415/jprtm.2023.112007

Keywords

Abstract

Background: Dysbiosis of the microbiota and gastrointestinal dysfunction are common characteristics of gastrointestinal diseases. Probiotics can alter the gut microbiota and serve as biological agents for treating digestive disorders. Although probiotics show promise in treating gastrointestinal disorders, several obstacles could hinder their effectiveness. These include concerns about safety, stress resistance, quantifying post-colonization, and evaluation methods.

Purpose: The aim of this review is to introduce the probiotic delivery methods and their mechanisms of action. It also described the functions of bacteriocins in providing probiotic strains with an advantage over competing treatments and the challenges associated with widespread deployment. It also evaluates current fluorescence-induced methods and numerous laboratory experiments involving living organisms’ models for quantifying probiotics in complex microbiomes and assessing probiotic delivery systems.

Method: The approach includes a systematic analysis of recent developments in encapsulation technologies, delivery mechanisms, and innovative strategies for enhancing probiotic stability and functionality.

Result: The review found that encapsulation technologies have significantly evolved, with microencapsulation and nanoparticle systems being the most effective in ensuring the survival of probiotics through the gastrointestinal tract.

Conclusion: Probiotics could be used in gastrointestinal illnesses more effectively as therapeutic agents. This review has shown that effective delivery systems are critical to ensuring the viability and functionality of probiotics throughout their journey from production to gastrointestinal colonization. In conclusion, while substantial strides have been made in probiotic delivery, quantification, and assessment, continued interdisciplinary research and collaboration are essential to fully harness the benefits of probiotics in healthcare.

References

Abishad, P., Vergis, J., Unni, V., Ram, V. P., Niveditha, P., Yasur, J., John, L., Byrappa, K., Nambiar, P., Kurkure, N.V., Barbuddhe, S.B., & Rawool, D. B. (2022). Green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Lactobacillus acidophilus as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm agent against multi-drug resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins, 14(5), 904-914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-022-09961-1
Aceti, A., Beghetti, I., Maggio, L., Martini, S., Faldella, G., & Corvaglia, L. (2018). Filling the gaps: Current research directions for a rational use of probiotics in preterm infants. Nutrients, 10(10), 1472. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101472
Akgül, T., & Karakan, T. (2018). The role of probiotics in women with recurrent urinary tract infections. Turkish journal of urology, 44(5), 377. https://doi.org/10.5152/tud.2018.48742
Albadran, H. A., Chatzifragkou, A., Khutoryanskiy, V. V., & Charalampopoulos, D. (2015). Stability of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum in dry microcapsules under accelerated storage conditions. Food Research International, 74, 208-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.016
Allain, T., Chaouch, S., Thomas, M., Vallée, I., Buret, A. G., Langella, P., Grellier, P., Polack, B., Bermúdez-Humarán, L.G., & Florent, I. (2018). Bile-salt-hydrolases from the probiotic strain Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 mediate anti-giardial activity in vitro and in vivo. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 2707. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02707
Altamirano‐Ríos, A. V., Guadarrama‐Lezama, A. Y., Arroyo‐Maya, I. J., Hernández‐Álvarez, A. J., & Orozco‐Villafuerte, J. (2022). Effect of encapsulation methods and materials on the survival and viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus: A review. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 57(7), 4027-4040. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.15779
Anjum, M., Laitila, A., Ouwehand, A. C., & Forssten, S. D. (2022). Current perspectives on gastrointestinal models to assess probiotic-pathogen interactions. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.831455
Anselmo, A. C., McHugh, K. J., Webster, J., Langer, R., & Jaklenec, A. (2016). Layer-by-layer encapsulation of probiotics for delivery to the microbiome. Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 28(43), 9486. https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadma.201603270
Arciero, J. C., Ermentrout, G. B., Upperman, J. S., Vodovotz, Y., & Rubin, J. E. (2010). Using a mathematical model to analyze the role of probiotics and inflammation in necrotizing enterocolitis. PLoS One, 5(4), e10066. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010066
Aron-Wisnewsky, J., Vigliotti, C., Witjes, J., Le, P., Holleboom, A. G., Verheij, J., Nieuwdorp, M., & Clément, K. (2020). Gut microbiota and human NAFLD: disentangling microbial signatures from metabolic disorders. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 17(5), 279-297. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-020-0269-9
Asgari, S., Pourjavadi, A., Licht, T. R., Boisen, A., & Ajalloueian, F. (2020). Polymeric carriers for enhanced delivery of probiotics. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 161, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.014
Atassi, F., Pho Viet Ahn, D. L., & Lievin-Le Moal, V. (2019). Diverse expression of antimicrobial activities against bacterial vaginosis and urinary tract infection pathogens by cervicovaginal microbiota strains of Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus crispatus. Frontiers in microbiology, 10, 2900. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02900
Ballini, A., Gnoni, A., De Vito, D., Dipalma, G., Cantore, S., Santacroce, L., Scacco, S., & Inchingolo, F. (2019). Effect of probiotics on the occurrence of nutrition absorption capacities in healthy children: A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled pilot study. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 23(19), 8645-8657. https://doi. org/10.26355/eurrev_201910_19182
Barbier, M., Bevere, J., & Damron, F. H. (2018). In vivo bacterial imaging using bioluminescence. Reporter Gene Imaging: Methods and Protocols, 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7860-1_7
Bermúdez-Humarán, L. G., Salinas, E., Ortiz, G. G., Ramirez-Jirano, L. J., Morales, J. A., & Bitzer-Quintero, O. K. (2019). From probiotics to psychobiotics: live beneficial bacteria which act on the brain-gut axis. Nutrients, 11(4), 890. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040890
Bevilacqua, A., Speranza, B., Santillo, A., Albenzio, M., Gallo, M., Sinigaglia, M., & Corbo, M. R. (2019). Alginate-microencapsulation of Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium bifidum: Performances of encapsulated microorganisms and bead-validation in lamb rennet. LWT, 113, 108349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108349
Bron, P. A., Kleerebezem, M., Brummer, R. J., Cani, P. D., Mercenier, A., MacDonald, T. T., Garcia-Ródenas, C. L., & Wells, J. M. (2017). Can probiotics modulate human disease by impacting intestinal barrier function? British Journal of Nutrition, 117(1), 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114516004037
Bullok, K. E., Gammon, S. T., Violini, S., Prantner, A. M., Villalobos, V. M., Sharma, V., & Piwnica-Worms, D. (2006). Permeation peptide conjugates for in vivo molecular imaging applications. Molecular Imaging, 5(1), 7290-2006. https://doi.org/10.2310/7290.2006.00001
Chandel, D., Sharma, M., Chawla, V., Sachdeva, N., & Shukla, G. (2019). Isolation, characterization and identification of antigenotoxic and anticancerous indigenous probiotics and their prophylactic potential in experimental colon carcinogenesis. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 14769. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41598-019-51361-z
Chen, H. J., Lin, D. A., Liu, F., Zhou, L., Liu, D., Lin, Z., Yang, C., Jin, Q., Hang, T., & Xie, X. (2018). Transdermal delivery of living and biofunctional probiotics through dissolvable microneedle patches. ACS Applied Bio Materials, 1(2), 374-381. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsabm.8b00102
Chen, J., Feng, S., Chen, M., Li, P., Yang, Y., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Chen, S., & Chen, S. (2020). In Vivo Dynamic Monitoring of Bacterial Infection by NIR‐II Fluorescence Imaging. Small, 16(34), 2002054. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202002054
Chen, Y. H., Tsai, W. H., Wu, H. Y., Chen, C. Y., Yeh, W. L., Chen, Y. H., … & Lai, C. H. (2019). Probiotic Lactobacillus spp. act against Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation. Journal of clinical medicine, 8(1), 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010090
Chi, H., Qiu, Y., Ye, X., Shi, J., & Li, Z. (2023). Preparation strategy of hydrogel microsphere and its application in skin repair. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1239183.
Choi, Y. M., Lee, Y. Q., Song, H. S., & Lee, D. Y. (2020). Genome scale metabolic models and analysis for evaluating probiotic potentials. Biochemical Society Transactions, 48(4), 1309-1321. https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20190668
Choudhary, R., & Mahadevan, R. (2020). Toward a systematic design of smart probiotics. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 64, 199-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2020.05.003
Cizeikiene, D., & Jagelaviciute, J. (2021). Investigation of antibacterial activity and probiotic properties of strains belonging to Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera for their potential application in functional food and feed products. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-021-09777-5
Clua, P., Kanmani, P., Zelaya, H., Tada, A., Kober, A. H., Salva, S., Alvarez, S., Kitazawa, H., & Villena, J. (2017). Peptidoglycan from immunobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus improves resistance of infant mice to respiratory syncytial viral infection and secondary pneumococcal pneumonia. Frontiers in immunology, 8, 948. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fmmu.2017.00948
CNIPA. (2021). CN Patent No. 110321924 B. https://patents.google.com/patent/CN110321924B/en
Cook, M. T., Tzortzis, G., Khutoryanskiy, V. V., & Charalampopoulos, D. (2013). Layer-by-layer coating of alginate matrices with chitosan–alginate for the improved survival and targeted delivery of probiotic bacteria after oral administration. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 1(1), 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2TB00126H
Costanzo, M., Cesi, V., Palone, F., Pierdomenico, M., Colantoni, E., Leter, B., Vitali, R., Negroni, A., Cucchiara, S., & Stronati, L. (2018). Krill oil, vitamin D and Lactobacillus reuteri cooperate to reduce gut inflammation. Beneficial microbes, 9(3), 389-399. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2017.0078
Dalile, B., Van Oudenhove, L., Vervliet, B., & Verbeke, K. (2019). The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota–gut–brain communication. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 16(8), 461-478. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41575-019-0157-3
De Barros, J. M., Lechner, T., Charalampopoulos, D., Khutoryanskiy, V. V., & Edwards, A. D. (2015). Enteric coated spheres produced by extrusion/spheronization provide effective gastric protection and efficient release of live therapeutic bacteria. International journal of pharmaceutics, 493(1-2), 483-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.06.051
De Gregorio, V., Sgambato, C., Urciuolo, F., Vecchione, R., Netti, P. A., & Imparato, G. (2022). Immunoresponsive microbiota-gut-on-chip reproduces barrier dysfunction, stromal reshaping and probiotics translocation under inflammation. Biomaterials, 286, 121573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121573
Devani, P., Ruparelia, A., Garcia-Larsen, V., Cunha, S., Chivenge, J., Robinson, Z., & Boyle, R. (2017). Optimal mode of delivery for using probiotics or prebiotics to prevent eczema: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 47(12).
Dodoo, C. C., Wang, J., Basit, A. W., Stapleton, P., & Gaisford, S. (2017). Targeted delivery of probiotics to enhance gastrointestinal stability and intestinal colonisation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 530(1-2), 224-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.068
Donaldson, G. P., Lee, S. M., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2016). Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 14(1), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3552
Drago, L., Nicola, L., Iemoli, E., Banfi, G., & De Vecchi, E. (2010). Strain-dependent release of cytokines modulated by Lactobacillus salivarius human isolates in an in vitro model. BMC Research Notes, 3, 1-5.https://doi.org/ 10.1186/1756-0500-3-44
Dronkers, T. M., Ouwehand, A. C., & Rijkers, G. T. (2020). Global analysis of clinical trials with probiotics. Heliyon, 6(7).
Dubey, M. R., & Patel, V. P. (2018). Probiotics: A promising tool for calcium absorption. The open nutrition journal, 12(1). https://doi.org/10. 2174/1874288201812010059
Duque, A. L. R. F., Demarqui, F. M., Santoni, M. M., Zanelli, C. F., Adorno, M. A. T., Milenkovic, D., Mesa, V., & Sivieri, K. (2021). Effect of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic on the gut microbiota of autistic children using an in vitro gut microbiome model. Food Research International, 149, 110657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110657
Eguchi, K., Fujitani, N., Nakagawa, H., & Miyazaki, T. (2019). Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection with probiotic lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055. Scientific reports, 9(1), 4812. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39602-7
El-Sayed, H. S., El-Sayed, S. M., Mabrouk, A. M., Nawwar, G. A., & Youssef, A. M. (2021). Development of eco-friendly probiotic edible coatings based on chitosan, alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose for improving the shelf life of UF soft cheese. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 29, 1941-1953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-02003-3
Engevik, M. A., Ruan, W., Esparza, M., Fultz, R., Shi, Z., Engevik, K. A., & Versalovic, J. (2021). Immunomodulation of dendritic cells by Lactobacillus reuteri surface components and metabolites. Physiological reports, 9(2), e14719. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14719
EPO. (2021). EP Patent No. 3,381,601. https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/EP3381601
Faber, F., Tran, L., Byndloss, M. X., Lopez, C. A., Velazquez, E. M., Kerrinnes, T., & Bäumler, A. J. (2016). Host-mediated sugar oxidation promotes post-antibiotic pathogen expansion. Nature, 534(7609), 697-699. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18597
Ferrer-González, E., Fujita, J., Yoshizawa, T., Nelson, J. M., Pilch, A. J., Hillman, E., & Pilch, D. S. (2019). Structure-guided design of a fluorescent probe for the visualization of FtsZ in clinically important gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Scientific reports, 9(1), 20092. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56557-x
Gan, B. H., Siriwardena, T. N., Javor, S., Darbre, T., & Reymond, J. L. (2019). Fluorescence imaging of bacterial killing by antimicrobial peptide dendrimer G3KL. ACS infectious diseases, 5(12), 2164-2173.
Gani, A., Shah, A., Ahmad, M., Ashwar, B. A., & Masoodi, F. A. (2018). β-d-glucan as an enteric delivery vehicle for probiotics. International journal of biological macromolecules, 106, 864-869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.093
Garcia-Brand, A. J., Quezada, V., Gonzalez-Melo, C., Bolaños-Barbosa, A. D., Cruz, J. C., & Reyes, L. H. (2022). Novel developments on stimuli-responsive probiotic encapsulates: from smart hydrogels to nanostructured platforms. Fermentation, 8(3), 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8030117
Ghadimi, D., Nielsen, A., Hassan, M. F., Fölster-Holst, R., Ebsen, M., Frahm, S. O., Christoph, R., Michael, D.V., & Heller, K. J. (2021). Modulation of proinflammatory bacteria-and lipid-coupled intracellular signaling pathways in a Transwell triple co-culture model by commensal Bifidobacterium animalis R101-8. Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Allergy Agents), 20(2), 161-181. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871523019999201029115618
Gheorghita, R., Anchidin-Norocel, L., Filip, R., Dimian, M., & Covasa, M. (2021). Applications of biopolymers for drugs and probiotics delivery. Polymers, 13(16), 2729. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13162729
González-Ferrero, C., Irache, J. M., & González-Navarro, C. J. (2018). Soybean protein-based microparticles for oral delivery of probiotics with improved stability during storage and gut resistance. Food chemistry, 239, 879-888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.022
Górska, A., Przystupski, D., Niemczura, M. J., & Kulbacka, J. (2019). Probiotic bacteria: a promising tool in cancer prevention and therapy. Current microbiology, 76, 939-949. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00284-019-01679-8
Gościniak, A., Eder, P., Walkowiak, J., & Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2022). Artificial gastrointestinal models for nutraceuticals research—achievements and challenges: a practical review. Nutrients, 14(13), 2560. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132560
Gou, H. Z., Zhang, Y. L., Ren, L. F., Li, Z. J., & Zhang, L. (2022). How do intestinal probiotics restore the intestinal barrier? Frontiers in microbiology, 13, 929346. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.929346.
Gu, Q., & Li, P. (2016). Biosynthesis of vitamins by probiotic bacteria. Probiotics and prebiotics in human nutrition and health, 135-48. https://doi.org/10.5772/63117
Guan, C., Yang, Y., Tian, D., Jiang, Z., Zhang, H., Li, Y., & Wang, T. (2022). Evaluation of an Ussing chamber system equipped with rat intestinal tissues to predict intestinal absorption and metabolism in humans. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 47(5), 639-652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13318-022-00780-x
Guevarra, R. B., & Barraquio, V. L. (2015). Viable counts of lactic acid bacteria in Philippine commercial yogurts. Int J Dairy Sci Process, 2(5), 24-28.
Gulzar, N., Saleem, I. M., Rafiq, S., & Nadeem, M. (2019). Therapeutic potential of probiotics and prebiotics. Oral Health by Using Probiotic Products. https:// doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86762
Haque, A., Bowe, F., Fitzhenry, R. J., Frankel, G., Thomson, M., Heuschkel, R., & Dougan, G. (2004). Early interactions of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium with human small intestinal epithelial explants. Gut, 53(10), 1424-1430. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2003.037382
Hendijani, F., & Akbari, V. (2018). Probiotic supplementation for management of cardiovascular risk factors in adults with type II diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition, 37(2), 532-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.02.015
Hill, C., Guarner, F., Reid, G., Gibson, G. R., Merenstein, D. J., Pot, B., & Sanders, M. E. (2014). The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 11(8), 506-514.
Hoppe, M., Önning, G., Berggren, A., & Hulthén, L. (2015). Probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum 299v increases iron absorption from an iron-supplemented fruit drink: a double-isotope cross-over single-blind study in women of reproductive age. British Journal of Nutrition, 114(8), 1195-1202. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451500241X
Hu, F., Qi, G., Kenry, Mao, D., Zhou, S., Wu, M., & Liu, B. (2020). Visualization and in situ ablation of intracellular bacterial pathogens through metabolic labeling. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 59(24), 9288-9292. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201910187
Hu, L., Zhou, M., Young, A., Zhao, W., & Yan, Z. (2019). In vivo effectiveness and safety of probiotics on prophylaxis and treatment of oral candidiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health, 19, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-019-0841-2
Imai, Y., Meyer, K. J., Iinishi, A., Favre-Godal, Q., Green, R., Manuse, S., & Lewis, K. (2019). A new antibiotic selectively kills Gram-negative pathogens. Nature, 576(7787), 459-464. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1791-1
Jan, T., Negi, R., Sharma, B., Kumar, S., Singh, S., Rai, A. K., & Ahmed, N. (2024). Next generation probiotics for human health: An emerging perspective. Heliyon.
Johansson, M. E., & Hansson, G. C. (2012). Preservation of mucus in histological sections, immunostaining of mucins in fixed tissue, and localization of bacteria with FISH. Mucins: Methods and protocols, 229-235. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-513-8_13
Juturu, V., & Wu, J. C. (2018). Microbial production of bacteriocins: Latest research development and applications. Biotechnology advances, 36(8), 2187-2200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.10.007
Khorasani, A. C., & Shojaosadati, S. A. (2016). Bacterial nanocellulose-pectin bionanocomposites as prebiotics against drying and gastrointestinal condition. International journal of biological macromolecules, 83, 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.041
Khorasani, A. C., & Shojaosadati, S. A. (2017). Starch-and carboxymethylcellulose-coated bacterial nanocellulose-pectin bionanocomposite as novel protective prebiotic matrices. Food Hydrocolloids, 63, 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.09.002
Kim, C. S., & Shin, D. M. (2019). Probiotic food consumption is associated with lower severity and prevalence of depression: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Nutrition, 63, 169-174. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.nut.2019.02.007
Kim, J., Hlaing, S. P., Lee, J., Saparbayeva, A., Kim, S., Hwang, D. S., & Yoo, J. W. (2021). Exfoliated bentonite/alginate nanocomposite hydrogel enhances intestinal delivery of probiotics by resistance to gastric pH and on-demand disintegration. Carbohydrate Polymers, 272, 118462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118462
Konishi, H., Fujiya, M., Tanaka, H., Ueno, N., Moriichi, K., Sasajima, J., & Kohgo, Y. (2016). Probiotic-derived ferrichrome inhibits colon cancer progression via JNK-mediated apoptosis. Nature communications, 7(1), 12365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.02.021
Lavelle, A., & Sokol, H. (2020). Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key actors in inflammatory bowel disease. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 17(4), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-019-0258-z
Leevy, W. M., Gammon, S. T., Johnson, J. R., Lampkins, A. J., Jiang, H., Marquez, M., & Smith, B. D. (2008). Noninvasive optical imaging of staphylococcus aureus bacterial infection in living mice using a Bis-dipicolylamine-Zinc (II) affinity group conjugated to a near-infrared fluorophore. Bioconjugate chemistry, 19(3), 686-692.
Li-Juan, L.I., School, S.F., (2013). Effects of dietary chitosan and probiotics on growth and non-specific immunity of Pelteobagrusfulvidraco. Journal of Anhui Agri. Ences. 26(6), 2614–2619.
Li, Y., Liu, F., Zhang, J., Liu, X., Xiao, P., Bai, H., & Tang, B. Z. (2021). Efficient killing of multidrug‐resistant internalized bacteria by AIEgens in vivo. Advanced Science, 8(9), 2001750. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202001750
Lim, B., Zimmermann, M., Barry, N. A., & Goodman, A. L. (2017). Engineered regulatory systems modulate gene expression of human commensals in the gut. Cell, 169(3), 547-558.
Liu, H., Xie, M., & Nie, S. (2020). Recent trends and applications of polysaccharides for microencapsulation of probiotics. Food frontiers, 1(1), 45-59. https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.11
Maftei, N. M., Raileanu, C. R., Balta, A. A., Ambrose, L., Boev, M., Marin, D. B., & Lisa, E. L. (2024). The Potential Impact of Probiotics on Human Health: An Update on Their Health-Promoting Properties. Microorganisms, 12(2), 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12020234
Maldonado Galdeano, C., Cazorla, S. I., Lemme Dumit, J. M., Vélez, E., & Perdigón, G. (2019). Beneficial effects of probiotic consumption on the immune system. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 74(2), 115-124. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496426
Markowiak, P., & Śliżewska, K. (2017). Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health. Nutrients, 9(9), 1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091021
Marx, U., Accastelli, E., David, R., Erfurth, H., Koenig, L., Lauster, R., & Dehne, E. M. (2021). An Individual Patient’s “Body” on Chips—How Organismoid Theory Can Translate Into Your Personal Precision Therapy Approach. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 728866. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.728866
Marzorati, M., Van den Abbeele, P., Bubeck, S., Bayne, T., Krishnan, K., & Young, A. (2021). Treatment with a spore-based probiotic containing five strains of Bacillus induced changes in the metabolic activity and community composition of the gut microbiota in a SHIME® model of the human gastrointestinal system. Food Research International, 149, 110676.
Maslov, I., Bogorodskiy, A., Mishin, A., Okhrimenko, I., Gushchin, I., Kalenov, S., & Borshchevskiy, V. (2018). Efficient non-cytotoxic fluorescent staining of halophiles. Scientific reports, 8(1), 2549. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20839-7
McFarland, L. V. (2010). Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG, 16(18), 2202. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v16.i18.2202
Michael, D. R., Davies, T. S., Moss, J. W. E., Calvente, D. L., Ramji, D. P., Marchesi, J. R., & Hughes, T. R. (2017). The anti-cholesterolaemic effect of a consortium of probiotics: An acute study in C57BL/6J mice. Scientific reports, 7(1), 2883. https://doi.org/10. 1038/s41598-017-02889-5
Mishra, S., Wang, S., Nagpal, R., Miller, B., Singh, R., Taraphder, S., & Yadav, H. (2019). Probiotics and prebiotics for the amelioration of type 1 diabetes: present and future perspectives. Microorganisms, 7(3), 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/ microorganisms7030067
Molska, M., & Reguła, J. (2019). Potential mechanisms of probiotics action in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. Nutrients, 11(10), 2453. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102453
Monteagudo-Mera, A., Rastall, R. A., Gibson, G. R., Charalampopoulos, D., & Chatzifragkou, A. (2019). Adhesion mechanisms mediated by probiotics and prebiotics and their potential impact on human health. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 103, 6463-6472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09978-7
National Institutes of Health (NIH). Human Microbiome Project defnes normal bacterial makeup of the body. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-human-microbiome-project-defines-normal-bacterial-makeup-body
Nazir, Y., Hussain, S. A., Abdul Hamid, A., & Song, Y. (2018). Probiotics and their potential preventive and therapeutic role for cancer, high serum cholesterol, and allergic and HIV diseases. BioMed research international, 2018(1), 3428437. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3428437
Neil, K., Allard, N., Roy, P., Grenier, F., Menendez, A., Burrus, V., & Rodrigue, S. (2021). High‐efficiency delivery of CRISPR‐Cas9 by engineered probiotics enables precise microbiome editing. Molecular systems biology, 17(10), e10335. https://doi.org/10.15252/msb.202110335
Nekhotiaeva, N., Elmquist, A., Rajarao, G. K., Hällbrink, M., Langel, Ü., & Good, L. (2004). Cell entry and antimicrobial properties of eukaryotic cell‐penetrating peptides. The FASEB Journal, 18(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.03-0449fje
Nyvad, B., & Takahashi, N. (2020). Integrated hypothesis of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Journal of oral microbiology, 12(1), 1710953. https://doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2019.1710953
Obayomi, O. V., Olaniran, A. F., & Owa, S. O. (2024). Unveiling the role of functional foods with emphasis on prebiotics and probiotics in human health: A review. Journal of Functional Foods, 119, 106337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2024.106337
Odila Pereira, J., Soares, J., Costa, E., Silva, S., Gomes, A., & Pintado, M. (2019). Characterization of edible films based on alginate or whey protein incorporated with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and prebiotics. Coatings, 9(8), 493. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9080493
Olnood, C. G., Beski, S. S., Iji, P. A., & Choct, M. (2015). Delivery routes for probiotics: Effects on broiler performance, intestinal morphology and gut microflora. Animal Nutrition, 1(3), 192-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2015.07.002
Padhmavathi, V., Shruthy, R., & Preetha, R. (2023). Chitosan coated skim milk-alginate microspheres for better survival of probiotics during gastrointestinal transit. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 60(3), 889-895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-021-05179-1
Panigrahi, P., Parida, S., Nanda, N. C., Satpathy, R., Pradhan, L., Chandel, D. S., & Gewolb, I. H. (2017). A randomized synbiotic trial to prevent sepsis among infants in rural India. Nature, 548(7668), 407-412. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23480
Park, S., Kang, J., Choi, S., Park, H., Hwang, E., Kang, Y., & Ji, Y. (2018). Cholesterol-lowering effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus BFE5264 and its influence on the gut microbiome and propionate level in a murine model. PLoS One, 13(8), e0203150. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203150
Pasquina-Lemonche, L., Burns, J., Turner, R. D., Kumar, S., Tank, R., Mullin, N., & Hobbs, J. K. (2020). The architecture of the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall. Nature, 582(7811), 294-297. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2236-6
Percopo, C. M., Rice, T. A., Brenner, T. A., Dyer, K. D., Luo, J. L., Kanakabandi, K., & Rosenberg, H. F. (2015). Immunobiotic Lactobacillus administered post-exposure averts the lethal sequelae of respiratory virus infection. Antiviral research, 121, 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.07.001
Picard, C., Fioramonti, J., Francois, A., Robinson, T., Neant, F., & Matuchansky, C. (2005). bifidobacteria as probiotic agents–physiological effects and clinical benefits. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 22(6), 495-512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02615.x
Plaza-Diaz, J., Ruiz-Ojeda, F. J., Gil-Campos, M., & Gil, A. (2019). Mechanisms of action of probiotics. Advances in nutrition, 10, S49-S66. https://doi. org/10.1093/advances/nmy063
Priya, A. J., Vijayalakshmi, S. P., & Raichur, A. M. (2011). Enhanced survival of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus by encapsulation with nanostructured polyelectrolyte layers through layer-by-layer approach. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 59(21), 11838-11845.
Qin, J., Li, R., Raes, J., Arumugam, M., Burgdorf, K. S., Manichanh, C., & Wang, J. (2010). A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature, 464(7285), 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08821
Razavi, S., Janfaza, S., Tasnim, N., Gibson, D. L., & Hoorfar, M. (2021). Microencapsulating polymers for probiotics delivery systems: Preparation, characterization, and applications. Food Hydrocolloids, 120, 106882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106882
Rivera-Chávez, F., Zhang, L. F., Faber, F., Lopez, C. A., Byndloss, M. X., Olsan, E. E., & Bäumler, A. J. (2016). Depletion of butyrate-producing Clostridia from the gut microbiota drives an aerobic luminal expansion of Salmonella. Cell host & microbe, 19(4), 443-454.
Rodgers, B., Kirley, K., & Mounsey, A. (2013). Prescribing an antibiotic? Pair it with probiotics. The Journal of family practice, 62(3), 148.
Ruiz, L., Flórez, A. B., Sánchez, B., Moreno-Muñoz, J. A., Rodriguez-Palmero, M., Jiménez, J., & Margolles, A. (2020). Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT7210 (B. infantis IM-1®) displays in vitro activity against some intestinal pathogens. Nutrients, 12(11), 3259. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113259
Sadeghi-Bojd, S., Naghshizadian, R., Mazaheri, M., Ghane Sharbaf, F., & Assadi, F. (2020). Efficacy of probiotic prophylaxis after the first febrile urinary tract infection in children with normal urinary tracts. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, 9(3), 305-310. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piz025
Sanders, M. E., Merenstein, D., Merrifield, C. A., & Hutkins, R. (2018). Probiotics for human use. Nutrition bulletin, 43(3), 212-225. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/nbu.12334
Scalfaro, C., Iacobino, A., Nardis, C., & Franciosa, G. (2017). Galleria mellonella as an in vivo model for assessing the protective activity of probiotics against gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens. FEMS microbiology letters, 364(7), 064. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnx064
Shen, H., Zhao, Z., Zhao, Z., Chen, Y., & Zhang, L. (2022). Native and engineered probiotics: promising agents against related systemic and intestinal diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(2), 594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020594
Shu, Z., Li, P., Yu, B., Huang, S., & Chen, Y. (2020). The effectiveness of probiotics in prevention and treatment of cancer therapy-induced oral mucositis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral oncology, 102, 104559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.104559
Singh, I., Kumar, P., & Pillay, V. (2018). Site-specific delivery of polymeric encapsulated microorganisms: a patent evaluation of US20170165201A1. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 28(9), 703-708. https://doi.org/10.1080/13543776.2018.1516752
Singh, P., Medronho, B., Alves, L., Da Silva, G. J., Miguel, M. G., & Lindman, B. (2017). Development of carboxymethyl cellulose-chitosan hybrid micro-and macroparticles for encapsulation of probiotic bacteria. Carbohydrate Polymers, 175, 87-95.
Skrypnik, K., Bogdański, P., Schmidt, M., & Suliburska, J. (2019). The effect of multispecies probiotic supplementation on iron status in rats. Biological trace element research, 192, 234-243. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12011-019-1658-1
Spencer, N. J., & Hu, H. (2020). Enteric nervous system: sensory transduction, neural circuits and gastrointestinal motility. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 17(6), 338-351. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41575-020-0271-2
Sudo, N. (2019). Role of gut microbiota in brain function and stress-related pathology. Bioscience of microbiota, food and health, 38(3), 75-80. https://doi.org/10.12938/bmfh.19-006
Suez, J., Zmora, N., Segal, E., & Elinav, E. (2019). The pros, cons, and many unknowns of probiotics. Nature medicine, 25(5), 716-729. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0439-x
Sun, Q., Yin, S., He, Y., Cao, Y., & Jiang, C. (2023). Biomaterials and encapsulation techniques for probiotics: Current status and future prospects in biomedical applications. Nanomaterials, 13(15), 2185. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13152185
Ta, L. P., Bujna, E., Kun, S., Charalampopoulos, D., & Khutoryanskiy, V. V. (2021). Electrosprayed mucoadhesive alginate-chitosan microcapsules for gastrointestinal delivery of probiotics. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 597, 120342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120342
Thomas, R. M., & Jobin, C. (2020). Microbiota in pancreatic health and disease: the next frontier in microbiome research. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 17(1), 53-64. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41575-019-0242-7
Tropini, C., Earle, K. A., Huang, K. C., & Sonnenburg, J. L. (2017). The gut microbiome: connecting spatial organization to function. Cell host & microbe, 21(4), 433-442.
Tungland, B. (2018). Human microbiota in health and disease: From pathogenesis to therapy. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814649-1. 00002-8
USPTO. (2019a). US Patent No. 10,166,198. https://patents.google.com/patent/US10166198B2/en
USPTO. (2019b). US Patent No. 10,485,921. https://patents.google.com/patent/US10485921B2/en
USPTO. (2020). US Patent No. 10,857,104. https://patents.google.com/patent/US10857104B2/en
USPTO. (2021). US Patent No. 11,103,514. https://patents.google.com/patent/US11103514B2/en
USPTO. (2022). US Patent No. 11,282,921. https://patents.google.com/patent/US11282921B2/en
Van de Wijgert, J. H., & Verwijs, M. C. (2020). Lactobacilli‐containing vaginal probiotics to cure or prevent bacterial or fungal vaginal dysbiosis: a systematic review and recommendations for future trial designs. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 127(2), 287-299. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15870
Vanhatalo, A., Blackwell, J. R., L’Heureux, J. E., Williams, D. W., Smith, A., van der Giezen, M., & Jones, A. M. (2018). Nitrate-responsive oral microbiome modulates nitric oxide homeostasis and blood pressure in humans. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 124, 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.078
Vasquez, E. C., Pereira, T. M., Peotta, V. A., Baldo, M. P., & Campos-Toimil, M. (2019). Probiotics as beneficial dietary supplements to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases: uncovering their impact on oxidative stress. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2019(1), 3086270. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3086270
Versalovic, J., & Wilson, M. (2008). Therapeutic microbiology: probiotics and related strategies.
Villena, M. J. M., Lara-Villoslada, F., Martínez, M. A. R., & Hernández, M. E. M. (2015). Development of gastro-resistant tablets for the protection and intestinal delivery of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716. International journal of pharmaceutics, 487(1-2), 314-319.
Wang, W., & Chen, X. (2018). Antibiotics-based fluorescent probes for selective labeling of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in living microbiotas. Science China Chemistry, 61, 792-796.
Wang, W., Lin, L., Du, Y., Song, Y., Peng, X., Chen, X., & Yang, C. J. (2019). Assessing the viability of transplanted gut microbiota by sequential tagging with D-amino acid-based metabolic probes. Nature communications, 10(1), 1317.
Wang, W., Zhu, Y., & Chen, X. (2017). Selective imaging of Gram-negative and Gram-positive microbiotas in the mouse gut. Biochemistry, 56(30), 3889-3893.
Wei, Y., Yang, F., Wu, Q., Gao, J., Liu, W., Liu, C., & Tang, R. (2018). Protective effects of bifidobacterial strains against toxigenic Clostridium difficile. Frontiers in microbiology, 9, 888. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00888
Wells, J. M., & Mercenier, A. (2008). Mucosal delivery of therapeutic and prophylactic molecules using lactic acid bacteria. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 6(5), 349-362. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1840
Whitaker, W. R., Shepherd, E. S., & Sonnenburg, J. L. (2017). Tunable expression tools enable single-cell strain distinction in the gut microbiome. Cell, 169(3), 538-546.
WIPO. (2020). WO Patent No. 2020/045638. https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020045638
Wong, S. H., & Yu, J. (2019). Gut microbiota in colorectal cancer: mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 16(11), 690-704. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41575-019-0209-8
Yan, S., Tian, Z., Li, M., Li, B., & Cui, W. (2019). Effects of probiotic supplementation on the regulation of blood lipid levels in overweight or obese subjects: a meta-analysis. Food & function, 10(3), 1747-1759. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8FO02163E 5
Yeung, T. W. (2016). Encapsulation of Probiotic Microorganisms in Food-Grade Hydrogel Microbeads for Improving Long-Term Storage and Oral Delivery.
Zaib, S., Hayat, A., & Khan, I. (2024). Probiotics and their beneficial health effects. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 24(1), 110-125. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389557523666230608163823
Zanjani, M. A. K., Tarzi, B. G., Sharifan, A., & Mohammadi, N. (2014). Microencapsulation of probiotics by calcium alginate-gelatinized starch with chitosan coating and evaluation of survival in simulated human gastro-intestinal condition. Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research: IJPR, 13(3), 843.
Zhang, Z., Tang, H., Chen, P., Xie, H., & Tao, Y. (2019). Demystifying the manipulation of host immunity, metabolism, and extraintestinal tumors by the gut microbiome. Signal transduction and targeted therapy, 4(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-019-0074-5
Zhao, Z., Xu, S., Zhang, W., Wu, D., & Yang, G. (2022). Probiotic Escherichia coli NISSLE 1917 for inflammatory bowel disease applications. Food & Function, 13(11), 5914-5924.

How to Cite

Minkal Tuteja, Anupama Choudhary, Prince Rohilla, and Gaurav Rohilla. Tapping the Potential of Probiotics: An Insight on Probiotic Delivery Systems, Their Quantification, and Assessment. J. Pharm. Technol. Res. Manag.. 2023, 11, 143-161

Tapping the Potential of Probiotics: An Insight on Probiotic Delivery Systems, Their Quantification, and Assessment

Current Issue

Periodicity	Biannually
Issue-1	May
Issue-2	November
ISSN Print	2321-2217
ISSN Online	2321-2225
RNI No.	CHAENG/2013/50088

OA Policy

Publisher's policy of the journal at Sherpa UK for the submitted, accepted, and published articles. Click OAPolicy

Plan-S Compliance

To check compliance, one has to use the Journal Check Tool (JCT). This tool provided by cOAlition S (European funders) for the researchers (fundee) to check the compliance with the journal.

Recommend journal to your library

You can recommend the journal being a researcher or faculty member to your library. We will post a copy of the Journal to your library on your behalf at free of cost.
Click here: Recommend Journal

Preprint Arxiv Submission

The authors are encouraged to submit the author’s copy (preprint) to appropriate preprint archives e.g. https://arxiv.org and/or on https://indiarxiv.org or institutional repositories (e.g., D Space) before paper acceptance by the editor of Journal. After publications of the paper author(s) should mention the citation information, title and abstract along with DOI number of the publication carefully on the required page of the depository(ies).

Contact: Phone: +91-172-2741000, +91-172-4691800

Email : editor.jptrm@chitkara.edu.in;

Abstract and Indexing

Information

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management (J. Pharm. Tech. Res. Management) by Chitkara University Publications are Open Access articles that are published with licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- CC-BY 4.0 International License. Based on a work at https://jptrm.chitkara.edu.in/. This license permits one to use, remix, tweak and reproduction in any medium, even commercially provided one give credit for the original creation.

View Legal Code of the above-mentioned license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

View Licence Deed here https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/