Acupuncture: A Potential Therapy for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders

Published: November 10, 2023

Authors

Deepak Kajla, Maneesh Mohan, and Kenneth C. Ugoeze

Keywords
Neurology, Acupuncture, Psychological, Psychiatric disorders, Neuroprotection

Abstract

Background: Acupuncture, a practice rooted in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years, is increasingly recognized as a complementary therapy for neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Purpose: This review aims to explore recent advancements in acupuncture’s application for treating specific neurological and psychiatric conditions and to highlight its therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms.

Methods: The review synthesizes findings from extensive research and scientific studies, incorporating insights from modern neuroimaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). It also examines the efficacy of combined modalities, such as laser and electroacupuncture.

Results: Acupuncture has demonstrated efficacy in managing neurological conditions such as stroke, neuropathic pain, and neurodegenerative diseases by enhancing cerebral blood flow, promoting neuroplasticity, and providing neuroprotection. Its application in psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), has shown promising outcomes. These therapeutic effects are mediated through mechanisms involving the autonomic nervous system, decreased inflammation, and neurotransmitter regulation. Combining acupuncture with modalities like laser and electroacupuncture has expanded treatment options and enhanced efficacy.

Conclusion: Recent advancements underscore acupuncture’s promise as an effective adjuvant therapy for neurological and psychiatric conditions. However, challenges remain in standardizing procedures and refining study designs to better define specific mechanisms and optimize therapeutic parameters. Continued research is essential to establish acupuncture as a reliable treatment option for improving patient outcomes.

References

  • Alaee, E., Pachenari, N., Khani, F., Semnanian, S., Shojaei, A., & Azizi, H. (2023). Enhancement of neuronal excitability in the medial prefrontal cortex following prenatal morphine exposure. Brain Research Bulletin, 204, 110803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110803
  • Anderson, B. J., Jurawanichkul, S., Kligler, B. E., Marantz, P. R., & Evans, R. (2019). Interdisciplinary Relationship Models for Complementary and Integrative Health: Perspectives of Chinese Medicine Practitioners in the United States. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 25(3), 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2018.0268
  • Barreto, G., White, R. E., Ouyang, Y., Xu, L., & Giffard, R. G. (2011). Astrocytes: Targets for Neuroprotection in Stroke. Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 11(2), 164–173.
  • Bing, Z., Villanueva, L., & Le Bars, D. (1991). Acupuncture-evoked responses of subnucleus reticularis dorsalis neurons in the rat medulla. Neuroscience, 44(3), 693–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(91)90088-6
  • Bouhassira, D., Le Bars, D., & Villanueva, L. (1987). Heterotopic activation of A delta and C fibres triggers inhibition of trigeminal and spinal convergent neurones in the rat. The journal of physiology389(1), 301-317. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016658
  • Bussell, J. (2013). The Effect of Acupuncture on Working Memory and Anxiety. 6(5), 241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2012.12.006
  • Chang, K., Bai, S., Lee, H., & Lee, B. (2014). Effects of Acupuncture Stimulation at Different Acupoints on Formalin-Induced Pain in Rats. The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology : Official Journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology, 18, 121–127. https://doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.2.121
  • Chavez, L. M., Huang, S. S., MacDonald, I., Lin, J. G., Lee, Y. C., & Chen, Y. H. (2017). Mechanisms of Acupuncture Therapy in Ischemic Stroke Rehabilitation: A Literature Review of Basic Studies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(11), 2270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18112270
  • Chen, H., Wu, C., Lv, Q., Li, M., & Ren, L. (2023). Targeting Mitochondrial Homeostasis: The Role of Acupuncture in Depression Treatment. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 19, 1741–1753. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S421540
  • Chen, J., Xie, Y., Lin, Q., Qian, Z., Feng, J., Zhang, J., & Guo, Z. (2022). Investigating Acupoint Selection and Combinations of Acupuncture for Tic Disorders: An Association Rule Mining and Network Analysis Study. Frontiers in Neurology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.894951
  • Cherkin, D. C., Sherman, K. J., Avins, A. L., Erro, J. H., Ichikawa, L., Barlow, W. E., & Deyo, R. A. (2009). A Randomized Trial Comparing Acupuncture, Simulated Acupuncture, and Usual Care for Chronic Low Back Pain. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169(9), 858–866. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.65
  • Chiang, C. Y. (1973). Peripheral afferent pathway for acupuncture analgesia. Scientia Sinica, 1973(16), 210-216.
  • Cummings, M. (2009). Modellvorhaben Akupunktur—A summary of the ART, ARC and GERAC trials. Acupuncture in Medicine: Journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society, 27(1), 26–30. https://doi.org/10.1136/aim.2008.000281
  • Ernst, E., Lee, M. S., & Choi, T. Y. (2011). Acupuncture for depression? A systematic review of systematic reviews. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 34(4), 403–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278710386109
  • Ernst, E., & White, A. R. (2001). Prospective studies of the safety of acupuncture: A systematic review. The American Journal of Medicine, 110(6), 481–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00651-9
  • Haake, M., Müller, H. H., Schade-Brittinger, C., Basler, H. D., Schäfer, H., Maier, C., & Molsberger, A. (2007). German Acupuncture Trials (GERAC) for chronic low back pain: randomized, multicenter, blinded, parallel-group trial with 3 groups. Archives of internal medicine167(17), 1892-1898. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.17.1892
  • Han, J. S. (2003). Acupuncture: Neuropeptide release produced by electrical stimulation of different frequencies. Trends in Neurosciences, 26(1), 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-2236(02)00006-1
  • He, W., Rong, P. J., Li, L., Ben, H., Zhu, B., & Litscher, G. (2012). Auricular Acupuncture May Suppress Epileptic Seizures via Activating the Parasympathetic Nervous System: A Hypothesis Based on Innovative Methods. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2012, 615476. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/615476
  • Ho, L. F., Guo, Y., Ching, J. Y. L., Chan, K. L., Tsang, P. H., Wong, M. H., & Lin, Z. X. (2019). Efficacy and safety of electroacupuncture plus warm needling therapy for heel pain: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 20, 480. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-019-3572-4
  • Hopper, D., Bajaj, Y., Kei Choi, C., Jan, O., Hall, T., Robinson, K., & Briffa, K. (2013). A pilot study to investigate the short-term effects of specific soft tissue massage on upper cervical movement impairment in patients with cervicogenic headache. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy21(1), 18-23. https://doi.org/10.1179/2042618612Y.0000000018
  • Huang, L., Tang, Y., & Sperlagh, B. (2022). Glial Purinergic Signaling-Mediated Oxidative Stress (GPOS) in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2022(1), 1075440. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1075440
  • Huang, W., Johnson, T. M., Kutner, N. G., Halpin, S. N., Weiss, P., Griffiths, P. C., & Bliwise, D. L. (2018). Acupuncture for Treatment of Persistent Disturbed Sleep: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Veterans With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 80(1). https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.18m12235
  • Itoh, K., Okada, K., & Kawakita, K. (2004). A proposed experimental model of myofascial trigger points in human muscle after slow eccentric exercise. Acupuncture in Medicine: Journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society, 22(1), 2–12. https://doi.org/10.1136/aim.22.1.2
  • Kawakita, K., & Gotoh, K. (1996). Role of polymodal receptors in the acupuncture-mediated endogenous pain inhibitory systems. Progress in Brain Research, 113, 507–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61105-x
  • Kawakita, K., Itoh, K., & Okada, K. (2002). The polymodal receptor hypothesis of acupuncture and moxibustion, and its rational explanation of acupuncture points. International Congress Series, 1238, 63-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00411-9
  • Kawakita, K., Okada, K., & Kawamura, H. (2005). Analysis of a questionnaire on the characteristics of palpable hardenings: a survey of experienced Japanese acupuncturists. JAM (Online Journal of JSAM)1, 1-8. https://www.jsam.jp/onlineJournal/pdf2/20.pdf
  • Kawakita, K., & Okada, K. (2014). Acupuncture therapy: mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety: a potential intervention for psychogenic disorders?. BioPsychoSocial medicine8, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-8-4
  • Kawakita, K., Shinbara, H., Imai, K., Fukuda, F., Yano, T., & Kuriyama, K. (2006). How do acupuncture and moxibustion act? Focusing on the progress in Japanese acupuncture research. Journal of pharmacological sciences100(5), 443-459. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.crj06004x
  • Kim, S. N., Doo, A. R., Park, J. Y., Bae, H., Chae, Y., Shim, I., & Park, H. J. (2011). Acupuncture enhances the synaptic dopamine availability to improve motor function in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One6(11), e27566. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027566
  • Kim, Y. D., Heo, I., Shin, B. C., Crawford, C., Kang, H. W., & Lim, J. H. (2013). Acupuncture for posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and prospective clinical trials. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine2013(1), 615857.  https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/615857
  • Lao, L., Hamilton, G. R., Fu, J., & Berman, B. M. (2003). Is acupuncture safe? A systematic review of case reports. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 9(1), 72–83. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK69580/
  • Le Bars, D., Dickenson, A. H., & Besson, J. M. (1979). Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). I. Effects on dorsal horn convergent neurones in the rat. Pain, 6(3), 283–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(79)90049-6
  • Lee, B., Kim, S. N., Park, H. J., & Lee, H. (2014). Research advances in treatment of neurological and psychological diseases by acupuncture at the Acupuncture Meridian Science Research Center. Integrative Medicine Research, 3(2), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2014.03.003
  • Lee, B., Sur, B., Shim, J., Hahm, D.-H., & Lee, H. (2014). Acupuncture stimulation improves scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment via activation of cholinergic system and regulation of BDNF and CREB expressions in rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14, 338. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-338
  • Lee, J. H., Choi, T. Y., Lee, M. S., Lee, H., Shin, B. C., & Lee, H. (2013). Acupuncture for acute low back pain: a systematic review. The Clinical journal of pain29(2), 172-185. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31824909f9
  • Liao, E. T., Tang, N. Y., Lin, Y. W., & Liang. H. C. (2017). Long-term electrical stimulation at ear and electro-acupuncture at ST36-ST37 attenuated COX-2 in the CA1 of hippocampus in kainic acid-induced epileptic seizure rats. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 472. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00601-1
  • Linde, K., Streng, A., Jürgens, S., Hoppe, A., Brinkhaus, B., Witt, C., & Melchart, D. (2005). Acupuncture for patients with migraine: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 293(17), 2118–2125. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.17.2118
  • MacPherson, H., Thomas, K., Walters, S., & Fitter, M. (2001). The York acupuncture safety study: prospective survey of 34 000 treatments by traditional acupuncturists. Bmj323(7311), 486-487. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7311.486
  • Manheimer, E., Cheng, K., Linde, K., Lao, L., Yoo, J., Wieland, S., & Bouter, L. M. (2010). Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2010(1), CD001977. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001977.pub2
  • Manheimer, E., White, A., Berman, B., Forys, K., & Ernst, E. (2005). Meta-analysis: Acupuncture for low back pain. Annals of Internal Medicine, 142(8), 651–663. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-8-200504190-00014
  • Mayhew, E., & Ernst, E. (2007). Acupuncture for fibromyalgia: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. In Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-assessed Reviews [Internet]. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (UK). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK73525/
  • Melchart, D., Weidenhammer, W., Streng, A., Reitmayr, S., Hoppe, A., Ernst, E., & Linde, K. (2004). Prospective investigation of adverse effects of acupuncture in 97 733 patients. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164(1), 104–105. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.1.104
  • Melzack, R., Stillwell, D. M., & Fox, E. J. (1977). Trigger points and acupuncture points for pain: Correlations and implications. Pain, 3(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(77)90032-X
  • Mohammadzadeh, N., Mehri, S., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2017). Berberis vulgaris and its constituent berberine as antidotes and protective agents against natural or chemical toxicities. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 20(5), 538–551. https://doi.org/10.22038/IJBMS.2017.8678
  • Mudimela, S., Vishwanath, N. K., Pillai, A., Morales, R., Marrelli, S. P., Barichello, T., & Giridharan, V. V. (2022). Clinical significance and potential role of trimethylamine N-oxide in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Drug Discovery Today, 27(11), 103334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2022.08.002
  • Peplow, P. V., & Martinez, B. (2016). Prevention and protection against cerebral ischemic injury using acupuncture. Neural Regeneration Research, 11(4), 559–560. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.180735
  • Pilkington, K., Kirkwood, G., Rampes, H., Cummings, M., & Richardson, J. (2007). Acupuncture for anxiety and anxiety disorders—A systematic literature review. Acupuncture in Medicine: Journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society, 25(1–2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1136/aim.25.1-2.1
  • Polatin, P. B., Kinney, R. K., Gatchel, R. J., Lillo, E., & Mayer, T. G. (1993). Psychiatric illness and chronic low-back pain. The mind and the spine—Which goes first? Spine, 18(1), 66–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199301000-00011
  • Pomeranz, B., & Chiu, D. (1976). Naloxone blockade of acupuncture analgesia: Endorphin implicated. Life Sciences, 19(11), 1757–1762. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(76)90084-9
  • Scharf, H. P., Mansmann, U., Streitberger, K., Witte, S., Krämer, J., Maier, C., & Victor, N. (2006). Acupuncture and knee osteoarthritis: A three-armed randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 145(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-145-1-200607040-00005
  • Shah, J. P., Phillips, T. M., Danoff, J. V., & Gerber, L. H. (2005). An in vivo microanalytical technique for measuring the local biochemical milieu of human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985), 99(5), 1977–1984. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00419.2005
  • Shah, J. P., Thaker, N., Heimur, J., Aredo, J. V., Sikdar, S., & Gerber, L. H. (2015). Myofascial Trigger Points Then and Now: A Historical and Scientific Perspective. PM & R : The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation, 7(7), 746–761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.01.024
  • Sjölund, B., Terenius, L., & Eriksson, M. (1977). Increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of endorphins after electro-acupuncture. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 100(3), 382–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1977.tb05964.x
  • Song, A., Zhang, Y., Chen, R., & Liang, F. (2018). Is Acupuncture Effective for Improving Insulin Resistance? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Current Medical Science, 38(6), 1109–1116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-018-1991-1
  • Sun, X., Liu, H., Sun, Z., Zhang, B., Wang, X., Liu, T., & Li, H. (2020). Acupuncture protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagy and apoptosis. Molecular Medicine (Cambridge, Mass.), 26(1), 105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10020-020-00236-5
  • Taguchi, R. (2008). Acupuncture Anesthesia and Analgesia for Clinical Acute Pain in Japan. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 5(2), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nem056
  • Tan, S., Xue, S., Behnood-Rod, A., Chellian, R., Wilson, R., Knight, P., & Bruijnzeel, A. W. (2019). Sex differences in the reward deficit and somatic signs associated with precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats. Neuropharmacology, 160, 107756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107756
  • Toyama, P. M., & Nishizawa, M. (1972). The physiological basis of acupuncture therapy. Journal of the National Medical Association, 64(5), 397–402. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2608746/
  • Tramèr, M. R., Moore, R. A., Reynolds, D. J., & McQuay, H. J. (2000). Quantitative estimation of rare adverse events which follow a biological progression: A new model applied to chronic NSAID use. Pain, 85(1–2), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00267-5
  • Waddell, G. (1987). 1987 Volvo award in clinical sciences. A new clinical model for the treatment of low-back pain. Spine, 12(7), 632–644. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198709000-00002
  • Wei, T. H., & Hsieh, C. L. (2020). Effect of Acupuncture on the p38 Signaling Pathway in Several Nervous System Diseases: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(13), 4693. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134693
  • White, A., Hayhoe, S., Hart, A., & Ernst, E. (2001). Adverse events following acupuncture: prospective survey of 32 000 consultations with doctors and physiotherapists. Bmj323(7311), 485-486.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7311.485
  • Witt, C. M., Pach, D., Brinkhaus, B., Wruck, K., Tag, B., Mank, S., & Willich, S. N. (2009). Safety of acupuncture: Results of a prospective observational study with 229, 230 patients and introduction of a medical information and consent form. Forschende Komplementarmedizin (2006), 16(2), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1159/000209315
  • Wolf, W. (1964). Acupuncture, The Ancient Chinese Art of Healing. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 18(4), 698–699. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1964.18.4.698
  • Xue, H., Zeng, L., He, H., Xu, D., & Ren, K. (2023). Effectiveness of acupuncture as auxiliary combined with Western medicine for epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1203231
  • Yamashita, H., & Tsukayama, H. (2008). Safety of Acupuncture Practice in Japan: Patient Reactions, Therapist Negligence and Error Reduction Strategies. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 5(4), 391–398. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nem086
  • Yoshida, K., & Kato, S. (2011). Cases of Low Back Pain in Psychiatry and Their Diagnostic Problems. 54(2). https://www.med.or.jp/english/activities/pdf/2011_02/112_116.pdf
  • Yunus, M., Masi, A. T., Calabro, J. J., Miller, K. A., & Feigenbaum, S. L. (1981). Primary fibromyalgia (fibrositis): Clinical study of 50 patients with matched normal controls. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 11(1), 151–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/0049-0172(81)90096-2
  • Zhang, Y., Zhao, M., Zhang, B., Zhang, K., & Zhou, Z. (2021). Acupuncture as an Adjunctive Treatment for Post-stroke Epilepsy: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. Frontiers in Neurology, 12, 711390. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.711390
  • Zhang, Z. J., Chen, H. Y., Yip, K., Ng, R., & Wong, V. T. (2010). The effectiveness and safety of acupuncture therapy in depressive disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 124(1–2), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.07.005
  •  

How to Cite

Deepak Kajla, Maneesh Mohan, and Kenneth C. Ugoeze. Acupuncture: A Potential Therapy for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. J. Pharm. Technol. Res. Manag.. 2023, 11, 93-105
Acupuncture: A Potential Therapy for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders

Current Issue

PeriodicityBiannually
Issue-1May
Issue-2November
ISSN Print2321-2217
ISSN Online2321-2225
RNI No.CHAENG/2013/50088
OA Policy

Publisher's policy of the journal at Sherpa UK for the submitted, accepted, and published articles. Click OAPolicy

Plan-S Compliance

To check compliance, one has to use the Journal Check Tool (JCT). This tool provided by cOAlition S (European funders) for the researchers (fundee) to check the compliance with the journal.

Recommend journal to your library

You can recommend the journal being a researcher or faculty member to your library. We will post a copy of the Journal to your library on your behalf at free of cost.
Click here: Recommend Journal

Preprint Arxiv Submission

The authors are encouraged to submit the author’s copy (preprint) to appropriate preprint archives e.g. https://arxiv.org and/or on https://indiarxiv.org or institutional repositories (e.g., D Space) before paper acceptance by the editor of Journal. After publications of the paper author(s) should mention the citation information, title and abstract along with DOI number of the publication carefully on the required page of the depository(ies).

Contact: Phone: +91-172-2741000, +91-172-4691800

Email : editor.jptrm@chitkara.edu.in;

Abstract and Indexing

Information

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management (J. Pharm. Tech. Res. Management) by Chitkara University Publications are Open Access articles that are published with licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- CC-BY 4.0 International License. Based on a work at https://jptrm.chitkara.edu.in/. This license permits one to use, remix, tweak and reproduction in any medium, even commercially provided one give credit for the original creation.

View Legal Code of the above-mentioned license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

View Licence Deed here https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Creative Commons License

Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management by Chitkara University Publications is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at https://jptrm.chitkara.edu.in//

Members