Understanding the Role of Muscle Coordination Impairments in Central Nervous System Disorders

Home > 2024, Vol. 12 No. 01 > Understanding the Role of Muscle Coordination Impairments in Central Nervous System Disorders
Published: April 20, 2024
Download PDF
Download HTML

Authors

Josephat Gaudence Kipesha, Harshpreet kaur, Navneet Khurana, and Neha Sharma

DOI Number
https://doi.org/10.15415/jprtm.2024.121006
Keywords
Neurodegeneration, Muscle tension, Coordination, Motor unit, Effector, Motor impairment, Deterioration

Abstract

Background: The central nervous system (CNS) regulates the precise activation of motor units, which is vital for muscle coordination and goal-directed movement. The CNS modulates motor unit firing rates to control force production during muscle contraction. Many CNS diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and anxiety-related disorders, are linked to abnormalities in muscle coordination.

Purpose: This review examines the complex connection between CNS disorders and impairments in muscle coordination, highlighting the roles of motor performance, neurodegeneration, and cerebellar function.

Methods: A comprehensive review of recent literature was conducted to analyze the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying motor dysfunction. Studies involving kinematic analyses describing movement abnormalities in anxiety and depression were reviewed.

Results: Neurodegenerative processes contribute to muscular dysfunction, often occurring without anatomical alterations in muscle tissue. Declining motor performance and neurodegenerative changes suggest that early motor impairments may serve as potential indicators of CNS pathology.

Conclusion: Understanding the link between CNS disorders and muscle coordination impairments is crucial for distinguishing drug-induced muscular effects from symptoms of neurological diseases, guiding the development of more targeted treatments.

References

  • Abdollahi, A., LeBouthillier, D. M., Najafi, M., Asmundson, G. J. G., Hosseinian, S., Shahidi, S., Carlbring, P., Kalhori, A., Sadeghi, H., & Jalili, M. (2017). Effect of exercise augmentation of cognitive behavioural therapy for the treatment of suicidal ideation and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 219, 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.012
  • Aggarwal, N. T., Wilson, R. S., Beck, T. L., Bienias, J. L., & Bennett, D. A. (2006). Motor Dysfunction in Mild Cognitive Impairment and the Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease. Archives of Neurology, 63(12), 1763. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.63.12.1763
  • Agosta, F., Rocca, M. A., Pagani, E., Absinta, M., Magnani, G., Marcone, A., Falautano, M., Comi, G., Gorno-Tempini, M.L. & Filippi, M. (2010). Sensorimotor network rewiring in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Human Brain Mapping, 31(4), 515–525. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20883
  • Albers, M. W., Gilmore, G. C., Kaye, J., Murphy, C., Wingfield, A., Bennett, D. A., Boxer, A.L., Buchman, A.S., Cruikshanks, K.J., Devanand, D.P., Duffy, C.J., Gall, C.M., Gates, G.A., Granholm, A.C., Hensch, T., Holtzer, R., Hyman, B.T., Lin, F.R., McKee, A.C., Morris, J.C., & Zhang, L. I. (2015). At the interface of sensory and motor dysfunctions and Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 11(1), 70–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.514
  • Alzheimer’s Society. (2012). The later stages of dementia. In dementia (pp. 1–13).
  • American, P. D. (2016). Parkinson’s Disease HANDBOOK (Vol. 10305). Medtronic.
  • Andrade-Guerrero, J., Martínez-Orozco, H., Villegas-Rojas, M. M., Santiago-Balmaseda, A., Delgado-Minjares, K. M., Pérez-Segura, I., Baez Cortes, M.T., Del Toro-Colin, M.A., Guerra Crespo, M., Arias-Carrion, O., Diaz-Cintra, S., & Soto-Rojas, L. O. (2024). Alzheimer’s Disease: Understanding Motor Impairments. Brain Sciences, 14(11), 1054. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111054
  • Andrade-Guerrero, J., Santiago-Balmaseda, A., Jeronimo-Aguilar, P., Vargas-Rodríguez, I., Cadena-Suárez, A. R., Sánchez-Garibay, C., Pozo-Molina, G., Mendez-Catala, C.F. Cardenas-Aguayo, M., Diaz-Cintra, S., Pacheco-Herrero, M., Lina-Munoz, J., & Soto-Rojas, L. O. (2023). Alzheimer’s Disease: An Updated Overview of Its Genetics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3754. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043754
  • Bamalan, O. A., Alosaimi, N. M., Alfryyan, A. A., Aljubran, H. J., Alanazi, F. H., & Siddiqui, Z. I. (2023). Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Review of Current Literature in Saudi Arabia. Psychology, 14(01), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2023.141003
  • Bano, D., Zanetti, F., Mende, Y., & Nicotera, P. (2011). Neurodegenerative processes in Huntington’s disease. Cell Death & Disease, 2(11), e228–e228. https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2011.112
  • Barrett, J. (2002). Amnesia .Blueprint for Health, 1–5.
  • Baumgartner, R. N., Koehler, K. M., Gallagher, D., Romero, L., Heymsfield, S. B., Ross, R. R., Garry, P.J., & Lindeman, R. D. (1998). Epidemiology of Sarcopenia among the Elderly in New Mexico. American Journal of Epidemiology, 147(8), 755–763. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520
  • Berry, C. J., & Shanks, D. R. (2024). Everyday amnesia: Residual memory for high confidence misses and implications for decision models of recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 153(7), 1790–1815. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001599
  • Birbeck, G. L., Meyer, A. C., & Ogunniyi, A. (2015). Nervous system disorders across the life course in resource-limited settings. Nature, 527(7578), S167–S171. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16031
  • Bostan, A. C., Dum, R. P., & Strick, P. L. (2013). Cerebellar networks with the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(5), 241–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.03.003
  • Boyle, P. a, Buchman, A. S., Wilson, R. S., Sue, E., & Bennett, D. A. (2010). Association of muscle strength wirh the risk of Alzheimer’s Disease and tje rate of cognitive decline in community-dwelling older persons. Archives of Neurology, 66(11), 1339–1344. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2009.240
  • Brandimonte, M. A., Bruno, N., & Collina, S. (2006). Cognition.
  • Buchman, A. S., & Bennett, D. A. (2011). Loss of motor function in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother., 11(5), 665–676. https://doi.org/10.1586/ern.11.57
  • Buchman, A. S., Wilson, R. S., Boyle, P. A., Bienias, J. L., & Bennett, D. A. (2007). Grip strength and the risk of incident Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroepidemiology, 29(1–2), 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1159/000109498
  • Burtscher, J., Millet, G. P., Place, N., Kayser, B., & Zanou, N. (2021). The Muscle-Brain Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Key Role of Mitochondria in Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(12), 6479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126479
  • Burtscher, J., Strasser, B., Pepe, G., Burtscher, M., Kopp, M., Di Pardo, A., Maglione, V., & Khamoui, A. V. (2024). Brain–Periphery Interactions in Huntington’s Disease: Mediators and Lifestyle Interventions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(9), 4696. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094696
  • Busse, M. E., Hughes, G., Wiles, C. M., & Rosser, A. E. (2008). Use of hand-held dynamometry in the evaluation of lower limb muscle strength in people with Huntington’s disease. Journal of Neurology, 255(10), 1534–1540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-008-0964-x
  • Bystritsky, A., Khalsa, S., Cameron, M., & Schiffman, J. (2013). Current diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders. P&T®, 38(1), 30–57.
  • Carvalho, C. R., Fernández, J. M., del-Ama, A. J., Oliveira Barroso, F., & Moreno, J. C. (2023). Review of electromyography onset detection methods for real-time control of robotic exoskeletons. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 20(1), 141. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-023-01268-8
  • Chaganti, S. S., McCusker, E. A., & Loy, C. T. (2017). What do we know about late onset Huntington’s disease? Journal of Huntington’s Disease, 6(2), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.3233/JHD-170247
  • Dalise, S., Azzollini, V., & Chisari, C. (2020). Brain and Muscle: How Central Nervous System Disorders Can Modify the Skeletal Muscle. Diagnostics, 10(12), 1047. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10121047
  • Du, Y., Gao, X. R., Peng, L., & Ge, J. F. (2020). Crosstalk between the microbiota-gut-brain axis and depression. Heliyon, 6(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04097
  • Dugger, B. N., & Dickson, D. W. (2017). Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 9(7), a028035. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a028035
  • Duranti, E., & Villa, C. (2024). From Brain to Muscle: The Role of Muscle Tissue in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Biology, 13(9), 719. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090719
  • Etkin, A., Prater, K. E., Schatzberg, A. F., Menon, V., & Greicius, M. D. (2009). Disrupted amygdalar subregion functional connectivity and evidence of a compensatory network in generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(12), 1361–1372. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.104
  • Fazzari, C., Macchi, R., Ressam, C., Kunimasa, Y., Nicol, C., Martha, C., Bolmone, B., Sainton, B., Hays, A., Vercruyssen, F., Lapole, T., Bossard, M., Casanova, R., Bringoux, L., & Chavet, P. (2023). Neuromuscular adjustments to unweighted running: the increase in hamstring activity is sensitive to trait anxiety. Frontiers in Physiology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1212198
  • Ferguson, M. A., Lim, C., Cooke, D., Darby, R. R., Wu, O., Rost, N. S., Corbetta, M., Grafman, J., & Fox, M. D. (2019). A human memory circuit derived from brain lesions causing amnesia. Nature Communications, 10(1), 3497. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11353-z
  • Fernandes, V. R., Ribeiro, M. L. S., Melo, T., de Tarso Maciel-Pinheiro, P., Guimarães, T. T., Araújo, N. B., Ribeiro, S., & Deslandes, A. C. (2016). Motor coordination correlates with academic achievement and cognitive function in children. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 318. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00318
  • Ferreira, L. M. A., Brites, R., Fraião, G., Pereira, G., Fernandes, H., de Brito, J. A. A., Generoso, L.P., Maziero Cappelo, M.G., Periera, G.S., Scoz, R.D., Torres Silva, J.R., & Silva, M. L. (2024). Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation modulates masseter muscle activity, pain perception, and anxiety levels in university students: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2024.1422312
  • Ferreira, M., &Massano, J. (2017). An updated review of Parkinson’s disease genetics and clinicopathological correlations. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 135(3), 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.12616
  • Gamborg, M., Hvid, L. G., Thrue, C., Johansson, S., Franzén, E., Dalgas, U., & Langeskov-Christensen, M. (2023). Muscle Strength and Power in People With Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 47(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1097/NPT.0000000000000421
  • Garcia-Retortillo, S., Romero-Gómez, C., & Ivanov, P. Ch. (2023). Network of muscle fibers activation facilitates inter-muscular coordination, adapts to fatigue and reflects muscle function. Communications Biology, 6(1), 891. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-05204-3
  • Gil, J. M., & Rego, A. C. (2008). Mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Huntington’s disease. European Journal of Neuroscience, 27(11), 2803–2820. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06310.x
  • Giorgi, V., Sarzi-Puttini, P., Pellegrino, G., Sirotti, S., Atzeni, F., Alciati, A., Torta, R., Varassi, G., Fornasari, D., Coaciolli, S., & Bongiovanni, S. F. (2024). Pharmacological Treatment of Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Practice-Based Review. Current Pain and Headache Reports. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-024-01277-9
  • Guo, Y., Yang, J., Liu, Y., Chen, X., & Yang, G.Z. (2022). Detection and assessment of Parkinson’s disease based on gait analysis: A survey. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.916971
  • Haam, J., & Yakel, J. L. (2017). Cholinergic modulation of the hippocampal region and memory function. Journal of Neurochemistry, 142(S2), 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.14052
  • Hairi, N. N., Cumming, R. G., Naganathan, V., Handelsman, D. J., Le Couteur, D. G., Creasey, H., Waite, L.M., Seibel, M.J., & Sambrook, P. N. (2010). Loss of muscle strength, mass (sarcopenia), and quality (specific force) and its relationship with functional limitation and physical disability: The concord health and ageing in men project. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 58(11), 2055–2062. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03145.x
  • Halsband, U., & Lange, R. K. (2006). Motor learning in man: A review of functional and clinical studies. Journal of Physiology Paris, 99(4–6), 414–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2006.03.007
  • Hebert, L., Julia, B., Judith, M., Paul, S., Robert, W., & Denis, E. (2011). Upper and Lower Extremity Motor Performance and Functional Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease. NIH Public Access, 193(1), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.08.011
  • Im, S., Rushing, B., Wright, A., Softic, D., & Lakhmani, A. (2023). Muscle Tension in Generalized Anxiety Disorder During a Stressful Mental Arithmetic Task. Research Directs in Psychology and Behavior, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.53520/rdpb2023.10776
  • Iyer, K., & Khan, Z. (2012). Depression – A Review. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1, 79–87.
  • Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 368–376. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2007.131045
  • Jędrak, P., Krygier, M., Tońska, K., Drozd, M., Kaliszewska, M., Bartnik, E., Soltan, W., Sitek, E.J., Stanisławska-Sachadyn, A.,Limon, J.,Slawek, J., Wegrzyn, G., & Barańska, S. (2017). Mitochondrial DNA levels in Huntington disease leukocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Metabolic Brain Disease, 32(4), 1237–1247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-017-0026-0
  • Jones, D., Lowe, V., Graff-Radford, J., Botha, H., Barnard, L., Wiepert, D., Murphy, M.C., Murray, M., Senjem, M., Gunter, J., Wiste, H.,Boeve, B., Knopman, D., Peterson, R., & Jack, C. (2022). A computational model of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Nature Communications, 13(1), 1643. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29047-4
  • Kasner, E., Hunter, C. A., Ph, D., Kariko, K., & Ph, D. (2013). Increased mitochondrial fission and neuronal dysfunction in Huntington’s disease: implications for molecular inhibitors of excessive mitochondrial fission. NIH Public Access, 70(4), 646–656.
  • Keefover, R. W. (2013). Dementia. West Virginia Integrated Behavioral Health Conference, 2013 Definitions, 101–122.
  • Kravitz, A. V., Freeze, B. S., Parker, P. R., Kay, K., Thwin, M. T., Deisseroth, K., & Kreitzer, A. C. (2010). Regulation of parkinsonian motor behaviours by optogenetic control of basal ganglia circuitry. Nature, 466(7306), 622-626. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09159
  • Lamptey, R. N. L., Chaulagain, B., Trivedi, R., Gothwal, A., Layek, B., & Singh, J. (2022). A Review of the Common Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Therapeutic Approaches and the Potential Role of Nanotherapeutics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(3), 1851. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031851
  • Larry, N., Zur, G., & Joshua, M. (2024). Organization of reward and movement signals in the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Nature Communications, 15(1), 2119. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45921-9
  • Laukkanen, A., Pesola, A. J., Finni, T., & Sääkslahti, A. (2017). Body Mass Index in the Early Years in Relation to Motor Coordination at the Age of 5–7 Years. Sports, 5(3), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5030049
  • Ledoux, É., & Cloutier, E. (2012). Introductory Article. Relations Industrielles, 67(I), 171. https://doi.org/10.7202/1009082ar
  • Lodi, R., Schapira, A. H. V, Manners, D., Styles, P., Wood, N. W., Taylor, D. J., & Warner, T. T. (2000). Abnormal in vivo skeletal muscle energy metabolism in Huntington’s disease and dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy. Annals of Neurology, 48(1), 72–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/1531-8249(200007)48:1<72::AID-ANA11>3.0.CO;2-I
  • Mani, S., Jindal, D., Chopra, H., Jha, S.K., Singh, S.K., Ashraf, G.M., Kamal, M., Iqbal, D., Chellappan, D.K., Dey, A., & Dewanjee, S., (2022). ROCK2 inhibition: A futuristic approach for the management of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 142, 104871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104871
  • Martins, L. A., Schiavo, A., Paz, L. V., Xavier, L. L., & Mestriner, R. G. (2024). Neural underpinnings of fine motor skills under stress and anxiety: A review. Physiology & Behavior, 282, 114593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114593
  • Mazzoni, P., Shabbott, B., & Cortés, J. C. (2012). Motor control abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 2(6), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a009282
  • McColgan, P., Seunarine, K. K., Gregory, S., Razi, A., Papoutsi, M., Long, J. D., Mills, J.A., Johnson, E., Durr, A., Ross, R.A. Leavitt, A.R., Stout, J.C., Scahill, R.I., Clark, C.A., Rees, G., Tabrizi, S.J., & Track-On HD Investigators. (2017). Topological length of white matter connections predicts their rate of atrophy in premanifest Huntington’s disease. JCI insight, 2(8). https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.92641
  • McMaster, M. W., Shah, A., Kangarlu, J., Cheikhali, R., Frishman, W. H., & Aronow, W. S. (2024). The Impact of the Apolipoprotein E Genotype on Cardiovascular Disease and Cognitive Disorders. Cardiology in Review. https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000703
  • Meltzer, C. C. (1999). Serotonin in aging, late‐life depression, and Alzheimer’s disease: the emerging role of functional imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 321. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00194-2
  • Mergl, R., Pogarell, O., Juckel, G., Rihl, J., Henkel, V., Frodl, T., Müller-Siecheneder, F., Kraner, M., Tigges, P., Schröter, A., & Hegerl, U. (2007). Hand-motor dysfunction in depression: characteristics and pharmacological effects. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 38(2), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/155005940703800210
  • Moncrieff, J., Cooper, R. E., Stockmann, T., Amendola, S., Hengartner, M. P., & Horowitz, M. A. (2023). The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence. Molecular Psychiatry, 28(8), 3243–3256. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0
  • Mostoufi, S. M., Afari, N., Ahumada, S. M., Reis, V., & Wetherell, J. L. (2012). Health and distress predictors of heart rate variability in fibromyalgia and other forms of chronic pain. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 72(1), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.05.007
  • Namiot, E. D., Smirnovová, D., Sokolov, A. V., Chubarev, V. N., Tarasov, V. V., & Schiöth, H. B. (2024). Depression clinical trials worldwide: a systematic analysis of the ICTRP and comparison with ClinicalTrials.gov. Translational Psychiatry, 14(1), 315. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-03031-6
  • Novak, M. J., & Tabrizi, S. J. (2010). Huntington’s disease. BMJ 340, c3109. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c3109
  • Obeso, J. A., Marin, C., Rodriguez-Oroz, C., Blesa, J., Benitez-Temiño, B., Mena-Segovia, J., Rodriguez, M., Olanow, C.W., & Olanow, C. W. (2009). The basal ganglia in Parkinson’s disease: Current concepts and unexplained observations. Annals of Neurology, 64(S2), S30–S46. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21481
  • Oschwald, J., Mérillat, S., Jäncke, L., & Seidler, R. D. (2021). Fractional Anisotropy in Selected, Motor-Related White Matter Tracts and Its Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations With Motor Function in Healthy Older Adults. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.621263
  • Parada, P., Oliva, M., Lázaro, E., Amayra, I., Paz, J. F. L., Martínez, O., Jameton, A., Berrocoso, S., Iglesias, A., & Bárcena, J. E. (2014). Anxiety, depression and self-efficacy in patients with myasthenia gravis. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 14(1), 105–113.
  • Peralta, V., & Cuesta, M. J. (2017). Motor Abnormalities: From Neurodevelopmental to Neurodegenerative Through “Functional” (Neuro) Psychiatric Disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 43(5), 956–971. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx089
  • Pluess, M., Conrad, A., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2009). Muscle tension in generalized anxiety disorder: A critical review of the literature. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.03.016
  • Ramesh, S., & Arachchige, A. S. P. M. (2023). Depletion of dopamine in Parkinson’s disease and relevant therapeutic options: A review of the literature. AIMS Neuroscience, 10(3), 200–231. https://doi.org/10.3934/Neuroscience.2023017
  • Rana, N., Kapil, L., Singh, C., & Singh, A. (2024). Modeling Huntington’s disease: An insight on in-vitro and in-vivo models. Behavioural Brain Research, 459, 114757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114757
  • Rauch, S. L., Shin, L. M., & Wright, C. I. (2003). Neuroimaging Studies of Amygdala Function in Anxiety Disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 985(1), 389–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07096.x
  • Riley, Z. A., Maerz, A. H., Litsey, J. C., & Enoka, R. M. (2008). Motor unit recruitment in human biceps brachii during sustained voluntary contractions. The Journal of Physiology, 586(8), 2183–2193. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2008.150698
  • Sabandal, P. R., Saldes, E. B., & Han, K. A. (2022). Acetylcholine deficit causes dysfunctional inhibitory control in an aging-dependent manner. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 20903. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25402-z
  • Sabharwal, R. (2014). The link between stress disorders and autonomic dysfunction in muscular dystrophy. Frontiers in Physiology, 5 JAN(January), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00025
  • Sayyid, Z. N., Wang, H., Cai, Y., Gross, A. L., Swenor, B. K., Deal, J. A., Lin, F.R.,Wanigatunga, A.A., Dougherty, R.J., Simonsick, E.M., Ferrucci, A., Schrack, J.A., Resnick, S.M., Agrawal. Y., & Agrawal, Y. (2024). Sensory and motor deficits as contributors to early cognitive impairment. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 20(4), 2653–2661. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13715
  • Scheff, S. W., Neltner, J. H., & Nelson, P. T. (2014). Is synaptic loss a unique hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease? Biochemical Pharmacology, 88(4), 517–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.028
  • Smith, C. N., Frascino, J. C., Hopkins, R. O., & Squire, L. R. (2013). The nature of anterograde and retrograde memory impairment after damage to the medial temporal lobe. Neuropsychologia, 51(13), 2709–2714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.09.015
  • Subramanian, J., & Tremblay, M. È. (2021). Editorial: Synaptic Loss and Neurodegeneration. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2021.681029
  • Tchekalarova, J., &Tzoneva, R. (2023). Oxidative Stress and Aging as Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease: The Role of the Antioxidant Melatonin. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(3), 3022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033022
  • Teleanu, R. I., Niculescu, A. G., Roza, E., Vladâcenco, O., Grumezescu, A. M., &Teleanu, D. M. (2022). Neurotransmitters—Key Factors in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Central Nervous System. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(11), 5954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115954
  • Tinelli, M., Kanavos, P., & Grimaccia, F. (2016). The Value of Early Diagnosis and Treatment in Parkinson’s Disease.
  • van Hagen, M., Piebes, D. G. E., de Leeuw, W. C., Vuist, I. M., van Roon-Mom, W. M. C., Moerland, P. D., & Verschure, P. J. (2017). The dynamics of early-state transcriptional changes and aggregate formation in a  Huntington’s disease cell model. BMC Genomics, 18(1), 373. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-3745-z
  • Verdijk, L. B., Snijders, T., Beelen, M., Savelberg, H. H. C. M., Meijer, K., Kuipers, H., & Van Loon, L. J. C. (2010). Characteristics of muscle fiber type are predictive of skeletal muscle mass and strength in elderly men. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 58(11), 2069–2075. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03150.x
  • Walker, F. O. (2007). Huntington’s disease. The Lancet, 369(9557), 218-228.
  • Wang, Z., Wang, J., Guo, J., Dove, A., Arfanakis, K., Qi, X., Bennett, D.A., & Xu, W. (2023). Association of Motor Function With Cognitive Trajectories and Structural Brain Differences. Neurology, 101(17). https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000207745
  • Wichmann, T., & Dostrovsky, J. O. (2011). Pathological basal ganglia activity in movement disorders. Neuroscience, 198, 232–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.048
  • Wiestler, T., & Diedrichsen, J. (2013). Skill learning strengthens cortical representations of motor sequences. ELife, 2013(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00801
  • Wilson, H., De Micco, R., Niccolini, F., & Politis, M. (2017). Molecular imaging markers to track Huntington’s disease pathology. Frontiers in Neurology, 8(JAN). https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00011
  • Zeng, X. S., Geng, W. S., Jia, J. J., Chen, L., & Zhang, P. P. (2018). Cellular and Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson Disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2018.00109
  • Zhai, F., Liu, J., Su, N., Han, F., Zhou, L., Ni, J., Yao, M., Zhang, S., Jin, Z., Cui, L., Tian, F., & Zhu, Y. (2020). Disrupted white matter integrity and network connectivity are related to poor motor performance. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 18369. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75617-1
  • Zhai, S., Cui, Q., Simmons, D. V., & Surmeier, D. J. (2023). Distributed dopaminergic signaling in the basal ganglia and its relationship to motor disability in Parkinson’s disease. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 83, 102798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2023.102798
  • Zhang, X. Y., Wu, W. X., Shen, L. P., Ji, M. J., Zhao, P. F., Yu, L., Yin, J., XIE, S.T., Xie, Y.Y., Zhang, .X., Li, H.Z., Zhang, Q.P., Yan, C., Wang, F., Zeeuw, C.D., Wang, J.J.  & Zhu, J. N. (2024). A role for the cerebellum in motor-triggered alleviation of anxiety. Neuron, 112(7), 1165-1181.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2024.01.007
  • Zielonka, D., Piotrowska, I., Marcinkowski, J. T., & Mielcarek, M. (2014). Skeletal muscle pathology in Huntington’s disease. Frontiers in Physiology, 5(OCT), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00380

How to Cite

Josephat Gaudence Kipesha, Harshpreet kaur, Navneet Khurana, and Neha Sharma. Understanding the Role of Muscle Coordination Impairments in Central Nervous System Disorders. J. Pharm. Technol. Res. Manag.. 2024, 12, 70-83
Understanding the Role of Muscle Coordination Impairments in Central Nervous System Disorders

Current Issue

PeriodicityBiannually
Issue-1May
Issue-2November
ISSN Print2321-2217
ISSN Online2321-2225
RNI No.CHAENG/2013/50088
OA Policy

Publisher's policy of the journal at Sherpa UK for the submitted, accepted, and published articles. Click OAPolicy

Plan-S Compliance

To check compliance, one has to use the Journal Check Tool (JCT). This tool provided by cOAlition S (European funders) for the researchers (fundee) to check the compliance with the journal.

Recommend journal to your library

You can recommend the journal being a researcher or faculty member to your library. We will post a copy of the Journal to your library on your behalf at free of cost.
Click here: Recommend Journal

Preprint Arxiv Submission

The authors are encouraged to submit the author’s copy (preprint) to appropriate preprint archives e.g. https://arxiv.org and/or on https://indiarxiv.org or institutional repositories (e.g., D Space) before paper acceptance by the editor of Journal. After publications of the paper author(s) should mention the citation information, title and abstract along with DOI number of the publication carefully on the required page of the depository(ies).

Contact: Phone: +91-172-2741000, +91-172-4691800

Email : editor.jptrm@chitkara.edu.in;

Abstract and Indexing

Information

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management (J. Pharm. Tech. Res. Management) by Chitkara University Publications are Open Access articles that are published with licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- CC-BY 4.0 International License. Based on a work at https://jptrm.chitkara.edu.in/. This license permits one to use, remix, tweak and reproduction in any medium, even commercially provided one give credit for the original creation.

View Legal Code of the above-mentioned license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

View Licence Deed here https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Creative Commons License

Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management by Chitkara University Publications is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at https://jptrm.chitkara.edu.in//

Members

Chitkara University

Chitkara University

India’s top rated university

Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway, Punjab 140 401

Chandigarh Information Center SCO 160-161, Sector 9-C, Chandigarh 160 009

Publisher

Head Office Address

Chitkara University Publications,
Administrative Office, Saraswati Kendra, P.O. Box No. 70,
SCO 160-161, Sector- 9C, Chandigarh-160009, India

Email: chitkarauniversitypublications@chitkara.edu.in

Main Office Address

Chitkara University Publications,
Centre for Research Impact and Outcome (CRIO),
Darwin Block, 4th Floor, Rajpura, Punjab – 140401, India
Phone: +01762507084

For journal please visit the website: https://jptrm.chitkara.edu.in/

The "Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management” is a peer-reviewed, refereed, bi-annual open-access Journal of "Chitkara University Publications".

ISSN (p): 2321-2217 ; ISSN (e): 2321-2225 ; RNI No: CHAENG/2013/50088

Copyright ©2023 Chitkara Educational Trust | All rights reserved
Explore Your Potential

Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway, Punjab 140 401

Chandigarh Information Center SCO 160-161, Sector 9-C, Chandigarh 160 009