Drug Repurposing Approaches for Depression: Rationale and its Clinical Experience

References

• Abbruzzese, C., Matteoni, S., Persico, M., Villani, V.,&Paggi, M. G. (2020). Repurposing chlorpromazine in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme: analysis of literature and forthcoming steps.
• Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research, 39, 1-3.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-020-1534-z Baker, N. C., Ekins, S., Williams, A. J.,& Tropsha, A. (2018). A bibliometric review of drug repurposing.Drug Discovery Today, 23(3), 661-672.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.018
• Balasegaram, M., Ritmeijer, K., Lima, M. A., Burza, S., Ortiz Genovese, G., Milani, B., ... & Chappuis, F. (2012). Liposomal amphotericin B as a treatment for human leishmaniasis. Expert opinion on emerging drugs, 17(4), 493-510.https://doi.org/10.1517/14728214.2012.748036
• Barden, N. (2004). Implication of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in the physiopathology of depression. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 29(3), 185-193.
• Bayramgürler, D., Karson, A., Özer, C., & Utkan, T. (2013). Effects of long-term etanercept treatment on anxiety-and depression-like neurobehaviors in rats. Physiology & Behavior, 119, 145-148.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.06.010
• Brent, D., Emslie, G., Clarke, G., Wagner, K. D., Asarnow, J. R., Keller, M., ... & Zelazny, J. (2008). Switching to another SSRI or to venlafaxine with or without cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with SSRI-resistant depression: the TORDIA randomized controlled trial. Jama, 299(8), 901-913.https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.299.8.901
• Brunoni, A. R., Lopes, M. &F regni, F. (2008). A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies on major depression and BDNF levels: implications for the role of neuroplasticity in depression. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 11(8), 1169-1180.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145708009309
• Bryan, J. (2011). How minoxidil was transformed from an antihypertensive to hair-loss drug. Pharmaceutical Journal, 287(7663), 137.https://doi.org/10.1211/PJ.2021.1.69888
• Cain, R.A., (2007). Navigating the sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR∗ D) study: practical outcomes and implications for depression treatment in primary care. Primary care: Clinics in Office Practice, 34(3):505-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2007.05.006
• Cha, Y., Erez, T., Reynolds, I. J., Kumar, D., Ross, J., Koytiger,G., … & Laifenfeld, D. (2018). Drug repurposing from the perspective of pharmaceutical companies.British Journal of Pharmacology,175(2), 168-180.https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13798
• Coppen, A., Shaw, D., Herzberg, B. &Maggs, R. (1967). Tryptophan in the treatment of depression. The Lancet, 290(7527), 1178-1180.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(67)91894-6
• Cowen, P. J., Parry-Billings, M. &Newsholme, E. A. (1989). Decreased plasma tryptophan levels in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 16(1), 27-31.https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(89)90051-7
• Cuijpers, P., Reynolds III, C. F., Donker, T., Li, J., Andersson, G., & Beekman, A. (2012). Personalized treatment of adult depression: medication, psychotherapy, or both? A systematic review. Depression and Anxiety, 29(10), 855-864.https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21985
• Czumaj, A., Zabielska, J., Pakiet, A., Mika, A., Rostkowska, O., Makarewicz, W., ... &Stelmanska, E. (2019). In vivo effectiveness of orlistat in the suppression of human colorectal cancer cell proliferation. Anticancer Research, 39(7), 3815-3822.https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.13531
• Delgado, P. L. (2000). Depression: the case for a monoamine deficiency. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(6), 7-11.
• Dell'Osso, L., Carmassi, C., Mucci, F. &Marazziti, D. (2016). Depression, serotonin and tryptophan. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 22(8), 949-954.https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666151214104826
• Dowrick, C. (2009). Beyond depression: a new approach to understanding and management. Oxford University Press, USA.
• E Martin, A., A Schober, D., Nikolayev, A., V Tolstikov, V., H Anderson, W., E Higgs, R., ... & M Witkin, J. (2017). Further evaluation of mechanisms associated with the antidepressantlike signature of scopolamine in mice. CNS & Neurological Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders), 16(4), 492-500.
• Ebada, M. E. (2017). Drug repurposing may generate novel approaches to treating depression. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 69(11), 1428-1436.https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12815
• Fabbri, C., Kasper, S., Zohar, J., Souery, D., Montgomery, S., Albani, D., ... &Serretti, A. (2021). Drug repositioning for treatment-resistant depression: hypotheses from a pharmacogenomic study. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 104, 110050.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110050
• Freitas, A. E., Neis, V. B., & Rodrigues, A. L. S. (2016). Agmatine, a potential novel therapeutic strategy for depression. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 26(12), 1885-1899.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.10.013
• Gahr, M. (2014). Agomelatine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: an assessment of benefits and risks. Current Neuropharmacology,12(5), 387-398.https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X12999140619122914
• Garnock-Jones, K. P., & Keating, G. M. (2009). Atomoxetine: a review of its use in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatric Drugs, 11, 203-226.https://doi.org/10.2165/00148581-200911030-00005
• Goldberg, J. S., Bell Jr, C. E. & Pollard, D. A. (2014). Revisiting the monoamine hypothesis of depression: a new perspective. Perspectives in Medicinal Chemistry, 6, PMC-S11375.https://doi.org/10.4137/PMC.S11375
• Goldstein, I., Burnett, A. L., Rosen, R. C., Park, P. W., &Stecher, V. J. (2019). The serendipitous story of sildenafil: an unexpected oral therapy for erectile dysfunction. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 7(1), 115-128.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.06.005 Gurpur, P. B., Liu, J., Burkin, D. J., & Kaufman, S. J. (2009). Valproic acid activates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in muscle and ameliorates pathology in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The American Journal of Pathology, 174(3), 999-1008.
• Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23(1), 56.https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56
• Henriksen, K., Christiansen, C., & Karsdal, M. A. (2011). Serological biochemical markers of surrogate efficacy and safety as a novel approach to drug repositioning. Drug Discovery Today, 16(21-22), 967-975.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2011.06.010
• Herbert, J. (2013). Cortisol and depression: three questions for psychiatry. Psychological Medicine, 43(3), 449-469.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712000955
• Hillhouse, T. M. & Porter, J. H. (2015). A brief history of the development of antidepressant drugs: from monoamines to glutamate. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23(1), 1.https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038550
• Holsboer, F. (2001). Stress, hypercortisolism and corticosteroid receptors in depression: implicatons for therapy.Journal of Affective Disorder, 62(1-2), 77-91.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00352-9
• Hong, C. T., Chan, L., Hu, C. J., Lin, C. M., Hsu, C. Y., & Lin, M. C. (2017). Tamoxifen and the risk of Parkinson's disease in female patients with breast cancer in asian people: a nationwide population-based study. Journal of Breast Cancer, 20(4), 356-360. https://doi.org/10.4048/jbc.2017.20.4.356
• Howland, R. H. (2013).Mifepristone as a therapeutic agent in psychiatry. Journal of Psychological Nursing and Mental Health Services, 51(6), 11-14. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20130513-01
• Hughes, J. P., Rees, S., Kalindjian, S. B., & Philpott, K. L. (2011). Principles of early drug discovery. British Journal of Pharmacology, 162(6), 1239-1249.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01127.x
• Hurlen, M., Abdelnoor, M., Smith, P., Erikssen, J., &Arnesen, H. (2002). Warfarin, aspirin, or both after myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine, 347(13), 969-974.https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa020496
• Husain, M. I., Chaudhry, I. B., Khoso, A. B., Husain, M. O., Hodsoll, J., Ansari, M. A., ... & Young, A. H. (2020). Minocycline and celecoxib as adjunctive treatments for bipolar depression: a multicentre, factorial design randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 515-527.https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30138-3
• Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2023. Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx).
• Keller, M., Montgomery, S., Ball, W., Morrison, M., Snavely,D., Liu, G., … &Reines, S. (2006). Lack of efficacy of the substance p (neurokinin1 receptor) antagonist aprepitant in the treatment of major depressive disorder.Biological Psychiatry, 59(3), 216-223.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.013
• Kerr, J. L., Timpe, E. M., & Petkewicz, K. A. (2010). Bromocriptine mesylate for glycemic management in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of pharmacotherapy, 44(11), 1777-1785.https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1P271 Khan, H., Bangar, A., Grewal, A. K., Bansal, P. & Singh, T. G. (2022). Caspase-mediated regulation of the distinct signaling pathways and mechanisms in neuronal survival. International Immunopharmacology, 110, 108951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108951 Kinlein, S.A., Wilson, C.D.,& Karatsoreos, I.N. (2015). Dysregulated hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function contributes to altered endocrine and neurobehavioral responses to acute stress.Frontiers in psychiatry, 6, 31.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00031
• Ko, Y. (2020). Computational drug repositioning: current progress and challenges. Applied Sciences, 10(15), 5076. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155076
• Kraus, C., Wasserman, D., Henter, I. D., Acevedo-Diaz, E., Kadriu, B., & Zarate Jr, C. A. (2019). The influence of ketamine on drug discovery in depression. Drug Discovery Today, 24(10), 2033-2043.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2019.07.007
• Kupfer, D.J. (2005).The increasing medical burden in bipolar disorder. Jama, 293(20), 2528-2530.10.1001/jama.293.20.2528
• Law, G. L., Tisoncik-Go, J., Korth, M. J. &Katze, M. G. (2013). Drug repurposing: a better approach for infectious disease drug discovery?. Current Opinion in Immunology, 25(5), 588-592.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2013.08.004
• Li, J., Yang, R., Xia, K., Wang, T., Nie, B., Gao, K., ... & Wang, W. (2018). Effects of stress on behavior and resting-state fMRI in rats and evaluation of Telmisartan therapy in a stress-induced depression model. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 1-13.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1880-y
• Little A. (2009). Treatment-resistant depression. American family physician, 80(2),167-172.
• Mann, J. J. (2005). The medical management of depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 353(17), 1819-1834.https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra050730
• Martinowich, K., Manji, H. & Lu, B. (2007). New insights into BDNF function in depression and anxiety. Nature Neuroscience, 10(9), 1089-1093.https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1971
• McGirr, A., Vöhringer, P. A., Ghaemi, S. N., Lam, R. W., & Yatham, L. N. (2016). Safety and efficacy of adjunctive second-generation antidepressant therapy with a mood stabiliser or an atypical antipsychotic in acute bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(12), 1138-1146.https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30264-4
• Meyer, J. H., Ginovart, N., Boovariwala, A., Sagrati, S., Hussey, D., Garcia, A., …& Houle, S. (2006). Elevated monoamine oxidase a levels in the brain: an explanation for the monoamine imbalance of major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(11), 1209-1216.https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.11.1209
• Motaghinejad, M., Farokhi, N., Motevalian, M., & Safari, S. (2020). Molecular, histological and behavioral evidences for neuroprotective effects of minocycline against nicotine-induced neurodegeneration and cognition impairment: Possible role of CREB-BDNF signaling pathway. Behavioural Brain Research, 386, 112597. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527316666170309142646
• Moussaieff, A., Gross, M., Nesher, E., Tikhonov, T., Yadid, G., & Pinhasov, A. (2012). Incensole acetate reduces depressive-like behavior and modulates hippocampal BDNF and CRF expression of submissive animals. Journal of psychopharmacology, 26(12), 1584-1593.https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881112458729
• Neumeister, A. (2003). Tryptophan depletion, serotonin, and depression: where do we stand?. Psychopharmacology bulletin, 37(4), 99-115.
• Nosengo, N. (2016). New tricks for old drugs. Nature, 534(7607), 314-316.https://doi.org/10.1038/534314a
• Nygaard, H. B., van Dyck, C. H., & Strittmatter, S. M. (2014). Fyn kinase inhibition as a novel therapy for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer's research & therapy, 6, 1-8.https://doi.org/10.1186/alzrt238
• Osterloh, I. H. (2004). The discovery and development of Viagra®(sildenafil citrate). In Sildenafil (pp. 1-13). Basel: Birkhäuser Basel.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7945-3_1
• Otte, C., Gold, S. M., Penninx, B. W., Pariante, C. M., Etkin, A., Fava, M., ... &Schatzberg, A. F. (2016). Major depressive disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.65
• Palomares, T., Cordero, M., Bruzos-Cidon, C., Torrecilla, M., Ugedo, L., & Alonso-Varona, A. (2018). The neuroprotective effect of conditioned medium from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells is impaired by N-acetyl cysteine supplementation. Molecular Neurobiology, 55, 13-25.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0714-0
• Palumbo, A., Facon, T., Sonneveld, P., Blade, J., Offidani, M., Gay, F.,… &Harousseau, J. L. (2008). Thalidomide for treatment of multiple myeloma: 10 years later. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology,111(8), 3968-3977.https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-10-117457
• Pariante, C. M. (2017). Why are depressed patients inflamed? A reflection on 20 years of research on depression, glucocorticoid resistance and inflammation. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 27(6), 554-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.04.001
• Plotsky, P. M., Owens, M. J., &Nemeroff, C. B. (1998). Psychoneuroendocrinology of depression: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21(2), 293-307.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70006-x
• Potter, D. E., & Choudhury, M. (2014). Ketamine: repurposing and redefining a multifaceted drug. Drug Discovery Today, 19(12), 1848-1854.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2014.08.017
• Prabhakar, N. K., Khan, H., Grewal, A. K. & Singh, T.G. (2022). Intervention of neuroinflammation in the traumatic brain injury trajectory: In vivo and clinical approaches. International Immunopharmacology, 108, 108902.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108902
• Pushpakom, S., Iorio, F., Eyers, P. A., Escott, K. J., Hopper, S., Wells, A., … & Pirmohamed, M. (2019).Drug repurposing: progress, challenges and recommendations. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery,18(1), 41-58.https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2018.168
• Pytka, K., Młyniec, K., Podkowa, K., Podkowa, A., Jakubczyk, M., Żmudzka, E., … &Filipek, B. (2017). The role of melatonin, neurokinin, neurotrophic tyrosine kinase and glucocorticoid receptors in antidepressant-like effect. Pharmacological Reports, 69(3), 546-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharep.2017.01.026 Randolph, M., &Tosti, A. (2021). Oral minoxidil treatment for hair loss: A review of efficacy and safety. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 84(3), 737-746.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.1009
• Rascol, O., Fabbri, M., &Poewe, W. (2021). Amantadine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. The Lancet Neurology, 20(12), 1048-1056.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00249-0
• Rihal, V., Kaur, A., Singh, T. G. & Abdel-Daim, M. M. (2022). Therapeutic and mechanistic intervention of vitamin D in neuropsychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Research, 114782.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114782
• Rodriguez, J.M., Monsalves-Alvarez,M., Henriquez, S., Llanos, M.N.,&Troncoso, R. (2016). Glucocorticoid resistance in chronic diseases. Steroids, 115,182-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2016.09.010
• Rothstein, J. D., Patel, S., Regan, M. R., Haenggeli, C., Huang, Y. H., Bergles, D. E., ... & Fisher, P. B. (2005). β-Lactam antibiotics offer neuroprotection by increasing glutamate transporter expression. Nature, 433(7021), 73-77.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03180
• Schildkraut, J.J. (1965).The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence.American Journal of Psychiatry, 122(5), 509-522.https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.122.5.509 Souery, D., Papakostas, G. I., & Trivedi, M. H. (2006). Treatment-resistant depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 16.
• Taylor, C., Fricker, A.D., Devi, L.A.,& Gomes, I. (2005). Mechanisms of action of antidepressants: from neurotransmitter systems to signaling pathways.Cellular Signaling, 17(5), 549-557.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.12.007
• Teo, S. K., Resztak, K. E., Scheffler, M. A., Kook, K. A., Zeldis, J. B., Stirling, D. I., & Thomas, S. D. (2002). Thalidomide in the treatment of leprosy. Microbes and Infection, 4(11), 1193-1202.https://doi.org/10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01645-3
• Tripathy, S., Dassarma, B., Roy, S., Chabalala, H.,&Matsabisa, M. G. (2020). A review on possible modes of action of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine: repurposing against SAR-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 56(2), 106028.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106028
• Tsao, C. W., Lin, Y. S., Chen, C. C., Bai, C. H. & Wu, S. R. (2006). Cytokines and serotonin transporter in patients with major depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 30(5), 899-905.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.029
• Weilburg, J. B. (2004). An overview of SSRI and SNRI therapies for depression. Managed Care (Langhorne, Pa.), 13(6 Suppl Depression), 25-33.
• Wilkes, S. (2008). The use of bupropion SR in cigarette smoking cessation. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 3(1), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.2147/copd.s1121
• Yang, T., Nie, Z., Shu, H., Kuang, Y., Chen, X., Cheng, J., … & Liu, H. (2020). The role of BDNF on neural plasticity in depression. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 14, 82.https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2020.00082
• You, H., Lu, W., Zhao, S., Hu, Z., & Zhang, J. (2013). The relationship between statins and depression: a review of the literature. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 14(11), 1467-1476.https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2013.803067
• Zhang, Q. Q., Li, W. S., Liu, Z., Zhang, H. L., Ba, Y. G., & Zhang, R. X. (2020). Metformin therapy and cognitive dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Medicine, 99(10).https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000019378
• Zhao, K., & So, H. C. (2018). Drug repositioning for schizophrenia and depression/anxiety disorders: a machine learning approach leveraging expression data. IEEE journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 23(3), 1304-1315.https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2018.2856535
• Zheng, W., Sun, W. &Simeonov, A. (2018). Drug repurposing screens and synergistic drug‐combinations for infectious diseases. British Journal of Pharmacology, 175(2), 181-191.https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13895